Intermediates and enzymes of the non-mevalonate isoprenoid pathway

ABSTRACT

The invention provides a protein in a form that is functional for the enzymatic conversion of 2C-methyl-D-erythritol 2,4-cyclodiphosphate to 1-hydroxy-2-methyl-2-butenyl 4-diphosphate notably in its (E)-form of the non-mevalonate biosynthetic pathway to isoprenoids. The invention also provides a protein in a form that is functional for the enzymatic conversion of 1-hydroxy-2-methyl-2-butenyl 4-diphosphate, notably in its (E)-form, to isopentenyl diphosphate and/or dimethylallyl diphosphate. Further, screening methods for inhibitors of these proteins are provided. Further, 1-hydroxy-2-methyl-2-butenyl 4-diphosphate is provided and chemical and enzymatic methods of its preparation.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a divisional application of U.S. application Ser. No. 10/474,536, having a filing date of Apr. 7, 2004, which is a 35 U.S.C. § 371 national phase application of International PCT Application Serial No. PCT/EP02/04005 filed Apr. 10, 2002, which claims priority to German Patent Application No. 101 18 166.3, filed Apr. 11, 2001, German Patent Application No. 101 30 236.3, filed Jun. 22, 2001, German Patent Application No. 101 55 084.7, filed Nov. 9, 2001, and German Patent Application No. 102 01 458.2, filed Jan. 16, 2002. The contents of these applications are hereby incorporated by reference as if recited in full herein.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to cells, cell cultures or organisms or parts thereof for the efficient formation of a biosynthetic product or intermediate or enzyme of a 1-deoxy-D-xylulose 5-phosphate-dependent biosynthetic pathway. Further, the invention relates to vectors for producing them. Further, the invention relates to their use for the formation or production of intermediates or products or enzymes of said biosynthetic pathway as well as to enzymes and intermediates. Further, the invention relates to the screening for inhibitors or enzymes for said biosynthetic pathway.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

The system of biosynthetic pathways in any organism is highly streamlined, whereby a few central trunk pathways branch into a great number of peripheral pathways. The central trunk pathways involve starting materials which are highly integrated. Therefore, central or trunk pathways are highly regulated. At the same time they are crucial for any attempts to interfere with the metabolism of any organism either by an inhibitor or by metabolic engineering.

The isoprenoid pathways are a prime example for this metabolic organisation. They are very long and highly branched, leading to some 30,000 isoprenoid or terpenoid compounds. They all seem to derive from isopentenyl diphosphate (IPP) and dimethylallyl diphosphate (DMAPP). They are produced by two alternative trunk pathways (reviewed in Eisenreich et al., 2001).

By the classical research of Bloch, Cornforth, Lynen and co-workers, isopentenyl pyrophosphate (IPP) and dimethylallyl pyrophosphate (DMAPP) have become established as key intermediates in the biosynthesis of isoprenoids via mevalonate. However, many bacteria, plastids of all plants, and the protozoon Plasmodium falciparum synthesize IPP and DMAPP by an alternative pathway via 1-deoxy-D-xylulose 5-phosphate. The discovery of the pathway was mainly based on the incorporation of isotope-labelled 1-deoxy-D-xylulose into the isoprenoid side chain of menaquinones from Escherichia coli (Arigoni and Schwarz, 1999).

This mevalonate-independent pathway has so far only been partially explored (FIG. 1). For a better understanding of these aspects of the invention, the pathway shall be briefly explained. It can be divided into three segments:

In a first pathway segment shown in FIG. 1, pyruvate (1) is condensed with glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate (2) to 1-deoxy-D-xylulose 5-phosphate (DXP) (3). Subsequently, DXP is converted into 2C-methyl-D-erythritol 4-phosphate (MEP) (4) by a two-step reaction comprising a rearrangement and a reduction. This establishes the 5-carbon isoprenoid skeleton.

In the subsequent segment of the mevalonate-independent pathway (FIG. 1), MEP (4) is first condensed with CTP to 4-diphosphocytidyl-2C-methyl-D-erythritol (CDP-ME) (5) by 4-diphosphocytidyl-2C-methyl-D-erythritol synthase (PCT/EP00/07548). CDP-ME (5) is subsequently ATP-dependent phosphorylated by 4-diphosphocytidyl-2C-methyl-D-erythritol kinase yielding 4-diphosphocytidyl-2C-methyl-D-erythritol 2-phosphate (CDP-MEP) (6). The intermediate is subsequently converted into 2C-methyl-D-erythritol 2,4-cyclodiphosphate (cMEPP) (7) by 2C-methyl-D-erythritol 2,4-cyclodiphosphate synthase (PCT/EP00/07548). These three enzymatic steps form a biosynthetic unit which activates the isoprenoid C₅-skeleton for the third pathway segment (Rohdich et al., 1999; Lüttgen et al., 2000; Herz et al., 2000).

Bioinformatic studies (German Patent Application 10027821.3), as well as studies with mutants of Synechocystis sp. (Cunningham et al., 2000) and Escherichia coli (Campos et al., 2001; Altincicek et al., 2001) demonstrate the involvement of lytB and gcpE genes in the isoprenoid pathway. However, the function and the reaction catalyzed by the corresponding gene products are still unknown.

Recently, a kinase (XylB) has been described that catalyzes the conversion of 1-deoxy-D-xylulose into 1-deoxy-D-xylulose 5-phosphate at high rates (Wungsintaweekul et al., 2000).

Genes and enzymes participating in further downstream reactions have been described. However, the gene functions, the intermediates, and the mechanisms leading to the products are still unknown.

For numerous pathogenic eubacteria as well as for the malaria parasite P. falciparum, the enzymes involved in the non-mevalonate pathway are essential. The intermediates of the mevalonate-independent pathway cannot be assimilated from the environment by pathogenic eubacteria and P. falciparum. The enzymes of the alternative isoprenoid pathway do not occur in mammalia which synthesize their isoprenoids and terpenoids exclusively via the mevalonate pathway. Moreover, the idiosyncratic nature of the reactions in this pathway reduces the risk of cross-inhibitions with other, notably mammalian enzymes.

Therefore, enzymes of the alternative isoprenoid pathway seem to be specially suited as targets for novel agents against pathogenic microorganisms and herbicides. The elucidation of unknown steps and the identification of these targets, e.g. genes and cognate enzymes of these pathways is obligatory for this purpose. A further source of interest in the non-mevalonate pathway derives from the fact certain pathogens like Mycobacteria, Plasmodia, Escherichia etc. use this pathway to activate γδ T cells (Fournié and Bonneville, 1996). Therefore, γδ T cells likely act as a first line of defense against infections by such pathogens. Intermediates of the non-mevalonate pathway have been suggested to be responsible for γδ T cell activation (Jomaa et al., 1999). Recently, it was show that E. coli strains lost the ability to stimulate γδ T cells when the dxr or the gcpE gene was knocked out (Altincicek et al., 2001).

Moreover, there is a great biotechnological interest in these pathways, since they lead to valuable vitamins and isoprenoid or terpenoid products.

Previous attempts to approach these goals have been hampered by the low rate of biosynthesis along these pathways in wild-type cells studied so far.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

It is an object of the invention to provide enzymes and nucleic acids coding for said enzymes as well as intermediates for the conversion of 2C-methyl-D-erythritol 2,4-cyclodiphosphate to isopentenyl diphosphate and/or dimethylallyl diphosphate.

It has surprisingly been found that the intermediate in the conversion of 2C-methyl-D-erythritol 2,4-cyclodiphosphate to isopentenyl diphosphate and/or dimethylallyl diphosphate is 1-hydroxy-2-methyl-2-butenyl 4-diphosphate. This intermediate is formed by an enzyme encoded by gcpE as designated in the E. coli genome. It has further been found that this enzyme prefers as reductant NADH or NADPH. Further, it has been found that it is promoted by Co²⁺.

The above intermediate is converted to isopentenyl diphosphate and/or dimethylallyl diphosphate by an enzyme encoded by lytB as designated in the E. coli genome. The latter enzyme prefers as reductant NADH or NADPH and FAD as mediator. Further it can be promoted by ions of a metal selected from manganese, iron, cobalt, nickel.

With these findings, the third segment of the trunk non-mevalonate pathway is now established. The key to these findings is the intermediate 1-hydroxy-2-methyl-2-butenyl 4-diphosphate, notably in its E-form. This establishes the unifying principle of the invention for reactions to and from this intermediate.

Further, it is an object of the invention to provide cells, cell cultures, organisms or parts thereof for the efficient biosynthesis of isoprenoid products or intermediates of the non-mevalonate biosynthetic pathway dependent on 1-deoxy-D-xylulose 5-phosphate production from 1-deoxy-D-xylulose and/or glucose.

The present invention produces a novel in vivo system which can be used for the structure elucidation of unknown intermediates and the assignment of biological functions of putative genes or cognate enzymes in the alternative isoprenoid biosynthetic pathway. As an example, the functional assignment of the gcpE gene (now designated as ispG) and of the lytB gene (now designated ispH) in the mevalonate-independent pathway of isoprenoid biosynthesis is achieved.

More specifically, said in vivo system consists of recombinant E. coli strains harbouring vector construct(s) carrying and expressing genes for D-xylulokinase (xylB), and genes of further downstream steps of terpenoid biosynthesis, such as dxs, dxr, and/or ispD, and/or ispE, and/or ispF, and/or gcpE, and/or lytB from E. coli, and/or a carotenoid gene cluster from Erwinia uredovora.

In one aspect of the invention, the genetically modified strains can be fed with 1-deoxy-D-xylulose, notably with isotope-labelled 1-deoxy-D-xylulose, which is converted at high rates into the common intermediate of the mevalonate-independent terpenoid pathway, 1-deoxy-D-xylulose 5-phosphate, and into further intermediates of said pathway, like 2C-methyl-D-erythritol 4-phosphate, 4-diphosphocytidyl-2C-methyl-D-erythritol, 4-diphosphocytidyl-2C-methyl-D-erythritol 2-phosphate, 2C-methyl-D-erythritol 2,4-cyclodiphosphate, 1-hydroxy-2-methyl-2-butenyl 4-diphosphate, isopentenyl diphosphate, and dimethylallyl diphosphate. Further, feeding with glucose or an intermediate of glycolysis for conversion into said further intermediates of said pathway may be performed.

Said systems are useful for the structure elucidation of hitherto elusive intermediates in the biosynthetic pathways, for in vivo screening of novel antibiotics, antimalarials, and herbicides, and as a platform for the bioconversion of exogenous 1-deoxy-D-xylulose and/or glucose into intermediates and products of the non-mevalonate pathway of terpenoid biosynthesis.

Said systems can also be used for screening chemical libraries for potential herbicides, and/or antimalarials, and/or antimicrobial substances by detecting and measuring the amount of certain intermediates formed in vivo in the presence or absence of potential inhibitors of the gene products of mevalonate-independent isoprenoid pathway genes, namely dxs, dxr, ispD, ispE, ispF, gcpE, and lytB.

Said system can further be used for the production of higher isoprenoids (e.g. isoprenoids having 10, 15, 20, 30 or 40 carbon atoms) such as carotene, α-tocopherol or vitamins by boosting the biosynthesis of isopentenyl diphosphate and/or dimethylallyl diphosphate via the non-mevalonate pathway, e.g. by using glucose as feeding material. Further feeding materials which may be used are intermediates or products of glycolysis like glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate or pyruvate.

Further, this invention provides novel compounds of formula I (see below), notably 1-hydroxy-2-methyl-2-butenyl 4-diphosphate as well as enzymatic and chemical methods for preparing said compounds. As demonstrated herein, (E)-1-hydroxy-2-methyl-2-butenyl 4-diphosphate is produced from 2C-methyl-D-erythritol 2,4-cyclodiphosphate by the gcpE gene product.

It is further demonstrated herein that (E)-1-hydroxy-2-methyl-2-butenyl 4-diphosphate is converted to dimethylallyl diphosphate and isopentenyl diphosphate by the lytB gene product.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1: Biosynthesis of both isoprenoid precursors, isopentenyl pyrophosphate and dimethylallyl pyrophosphate via the mevalonate-independent pathway.

FIG. 2: Scheme of an Escherichia coli in vivo system for generating optionally isotopically labelled intermediates of biosynthetic pathways such as the mevalonate-independent isoprenoid biosynthesis, and for the production of higher terpenoids such as carotenoids.

FIG. 3: ¹H NMR spectra in D₂O (pH 6) obtained according to Example 25.* indicates impurities.

FIG. 4: Preparation of 1-hydroxy-2-methyl-2-butenyl 4-diphosphate according to Example 24. Reagents and conditions were as follows: (a) DHP, PPTS, 25° C. (2.5 h); (b) Ph₃PCHCO₂Et, toluene, reflux (39 h); (c) (1) DIBAH, CH₂Cl₂, −78° C. (3 h), (2) 1 M NaOH/H₂O; (d) p-TsCl, DMAP, CH₂Cl₂, 25° C. (1 h); (e) ((CH₃CH₂CH₂CH₂)₄N)₃HP₂O₇, MeCN, 25° C. (2 h); (f), HCl/H₂O pH 1, 25° C. (7 min).

FIG. 5: The reaction catalyzed by the ispH (formerly lytB) gene product.

FIG. 6: The reaction catalyzed by the ispG (formerly gcpE) gene product.

FIG. 7: Chemical preparation of 3-formyl-but-2-enyl 1-diphosphate (see example 42).

FIG. 8: DNA sequence of the vector construct pBSxylBdxr (SEQ ID NO:41).

FIG. 9: DNA sequence of the vector construct pBSxylBdxrispD (SEQ ID NO:42).

FIG. 10: DNA sequence of the vector construct pBScyclo (SEQ ID NO:43).

FIG. 11: DNA sequence of the vector construct pACYCgcpE (SEQ ID NO:44).

FIG. 12: DNA sequence of the vector construct pBScaro14 (SEQ ID NO:45).

FIG. 13: DNA sequence of the vector construct pACYCcaro14 (SEQ ID NO:46).

FIG. 14: DNA sequence (SEQ ID NO:47) and corresponding amino acid sequence (SEQ ID NO:48) of the ispG (formerly gcpE) gene from Escherichia coli.

FIG. 15: DNA sequence of the vector construct pBScyclogcpE (SEQ ID NO:49).

FIG. 16: DNA sequence of the vector construct pACYClytBgcpE (SEQ ID NO:50).

FIG. 17: DNA (SEQ ID NO:51) and corresponding amino acid sequence (SEQ ID NO:52) of the ispH (formerly lytB) gene from Escherichia coli.

FIG. 18: DNA sequence of the vector construct pBScyclogcpElytB2 (SEQ ID NO:53).

FIG. 19: DNA (SEQ ID NO:54) and corresponding amino acid sequence (SEQ ID NO:55) of the ispG gene (fragment) from Arabidopsis thaliana.

FIG. 20: DNA (SEQ ID NO:56) and corresponding amino acid sequence (SEQ ID NO:57) of the ispG (formerly gcpE) gene of Arabidopsis thaliana.

FIG. 21: cDNA sequence of 1-hydroxy-2-methyl-2-(E)-butenyl 4-diphosphate reductase (IspH) from Arabidopsis thaliana (SEQ ID NO:58)

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

1-Deoxy-D-xylulose 5-phosphate is a common intermediate in the alternative terpenoid pathway via 2C-methyl-D-erythritol 4-phosphate. This latter pathway is operative in bacteria, certain protozoa and most significantly also in the plastids of plants, where it is in charge of the biosynthesis of a great many valuable terpenoid products, like natural rubber, carotenoids, menthol, menthone, camphor or paclitaxel. The alternative terpenoid pathway is now intensely studied. But so far only the initial steps from glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate and pyruvate via 1-deoxy-D-xylulose 5-phosphate and 2C-methyl-D-erythritol 4-phosphate, 4-diphosphocytidyl-2C-methyl-D-erythritol, 4-diphosphocytidyl-2C-methyl-D-erythritol 2-phosphate and 2C-methyl-D-erythritol 2,4-cyclodiphosphate (FIG. 1) have been elucidated. The intermediate 1-deoxy-D-xylulose 5-phosphate is of most crucial significance for a number of commercial purposes:

-   (1) It may be used as a key intermediate for commercial screening     procedures regarding potential inhibitors of downstream enzymes in     the biosynthesis of the alternative terpenoid pathway. -   (2) It may be used as a key intermediate for the in vitro production     of terpenoids or of intermediates thereof. -   (3) It occurs in vivo in the biosynthesis of terpenoids as an     enzymatic condensation product of glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate and     pyruvate. The latter are central intermediates of the metabolism and     obligatory starting materials for numerous biosynthetic pathways.     Therefore, it is desirable to generate a high level of     1-deoxy-D-xylulose 5-phosphate in vivo from an exogenous source and     thus independent from the pools of glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate and     pyruvate for boosting the biosynthesis of terpenoids or of     intermediates thereof in microorganisms or cell cultures that are     either naturally or recombinantly endowed with the pathway of     interest without influencing the basic intermediary metabolism of     the cells. -   (4) 1-Deoxy-D-xylulose 5-phosphate can be generated from     1-deoxy-D-xylulose by the catalytic action of the xylB gene product.     Using recombinant strains comprising the xylB gene the reaction     occurs in vivo and exogenous 1-deoxy-D-xylulose is converted into     intracellular 1-deoxy-D-xylulose 5-phosphate at high rates. -   (5) 1-DXP can be generated fro glucose by the catalytic action of     glycolytic enzymes and DXP-synthase. Using recombinant strains     comprising the dxs gene, the reaction occurs in vivo and exogeneous     glucose is converted to intracellular 1-DXP at high rates.

It is an aspect of the invention to use 1-deoxy-D-xylulose as a precursor in order to boost the rates of biosynthesis of 1-deoxy-D-xylulose 5-phosphate-dependent pathways. 1-Deoxy-D-xylulose can be prepared by various published procedures (Blagg and Poulter, 1999; Kennedy et al., 1995; Piel and Boland, 1997; Shono et al., 1983; Giner, 1998).

It is an aspect of the present invention to use 1-deoxy-D-xylulose in various isotopically labelled forms. It may be labelled by radioactive isotopes or non-radioactive isotopes of C (¹³C or ¹⁴C), H (D or T) or 0 (¹⁷0 or ¹⁸0) in any combination.

Isotope-labelled 1-deoxy-D-xylulose may be prepared enzymatically using 1-deoxy-D-xylulose 5-phosphate synthase of Bacillus subtilis and commercially available glycolytic enzymes and phosphatase from isotope-labelled glucose and/or pyruvate (PCT/EP00/07548).

1-Deoxy-D-xylulose may be used as a free acid or as a salt, preferably as an alkaline (e.g., lithium, sodium, potassium) salt or as an ammonium or amine salt.

It is an aspect of the present invention to use recombinant cells, cell cultures, or organisms or parts thereof for the formation of biosynthetic products or intermediates or enzymes or for the screening for antimicrobials, antimalarials or herbicides.

For carrying out the present invention various techniques in molecular biology, microbiology and recombinant DNA technology are used which are comprehensively described in Sambrock et al., Molecular Cloning, second edition, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, Cold Sprind Harbor, N.Y.; in DNA Cloning: A Practical Approach, Vol. 1 and 2, 1985 (D. N. Glover, ed.); in Oligonucleotide Synthesis, 1984 (M. L. Gait, ed.); and in Transcription and Translation (Hames and Higgins, eds.).

Nucleic Acids

The present invention comprises nucleic acids which include prokaryotic, protozoal and plant sequences and derived sequences. A derived sequence relates to a nucleic acid sequence corresponding to a region of the sequence or orthologs thereof or complementary to “sequence-conservative” or “function-conservative” variants thereof.

Sequences may be isolated by well known techniques or are commercially available (Clontech, Palto Alto, Calif.; Stratagene, LaJolla, Calif.). Alternatively, PCR-based methods can be used for amplifying related sequence from cDNA or genomic DNA. The nucleic acids of the present invention comprise purine and pyrimidine containing polymers in various amounts, either polyribonucleotides or polydeoxyribonucleotides or mixed polyribo-polydeoxyribonucleotides. The nucleic acids may be isolated directly from cells. Alternatively, PCR may be used for the preparation of the nucleic acids by use of chemical synthesized strands or by genomic material as template. The primers used in PCR may be synthesized by using the sequence information provided by the present invention or from the database and additionally may be constructed with optionally new restriction sites in order to ease the cloning in a vector for recombinant expression.

The nucleic acids or the present invention may be flanked by natural regulation sequences or may be associated with heterologous sequences, including promoter, enhancer, response elements, signal sequences, polyadenylation sequences, introns, 5′- and 3′ noncoding regions or similar. The nucleic acids may be modified on basis of well known methods. Non-limiting examples for these modifications are methylations, “Caps”, substitution of one or more natural nucleotides with an analogue, and internucleotide modification, i.e. those with uncharged bond (i.e. methylphosphonates, phosphotriester, phosphoramidates, carbamates, etc.) and with charged bond (i.e. phosphorothiactes, etc.). Nucleic acids may carry additional covalent bound units such as proteins (i.e. nucleases, toxins, antibodies, signalpeptides, poly-L-lysine, etc.), intercalators (i.e. acridine, psoralene, etc.), chelators (i.e. metals, radioactive metals, iron, oxidative metals, etc.) and alkylators. The nucleic acids may be derived by formation of a methyl- or ethylphosphotriester bond or of a alkylphosphoramidate bond. Further, the nucleic acids of the present invention may be modified my labeling, which give an either directly or indirectly detectable signal. Examples for these labeling include radioisotopes, fluorescent molecules, biotin and so on.

Vectors

The invention provides nucleic acid vectors, which comprise the sequences provided by the present invention or derivatives thereof. Various vectors, including plasmids or vectors for fungi have been described for the replication and/or expression in various eucaryotic and procaryotic hosts. High copy replication vectors are preferred for the purposes of the invention. Non-limiting examples include pKK plasmids (Clontech), pUC plasmids (Invitrogen, San Diego, Calif.), pET plasmids (Novagen, Inc., Madison, Wis.) or pRSET or pREP (Invitrogen) and various suitable host cells on basis of well known techniques. Recombinant cloning vectors comprise often more than one replication system for the cloning and expression, one or more marker for the selection in the host; i.e. antibiotic resistance and one or more expression cartridge. Suitable hosts may be transformed/transfected/infected by a method as suitable including electroporation, CaCl₂-mediated DNA incorporation, tungae infection, microinjection, microbombardment or other established methods.

Suitable hosts include bacteria, archaebacteriae, fungi, notable yeast, plants, notably Arabidopsis thaliana, Mentha piperita or Taxus sp. and animal cells, notably mammalian cells. Most important are E. coli, Bacillus subtilis, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Saccharomyces carlsbergensis, Schizosaccharomyces pombe, SF9 cells, C129 cells, 293 cells, Neurospora, and CHO cells, COS cells, HeLa cells and immortalized myeloid and lymphoid mammalian cells. Preferred replication systems include M13, ColE1, SV40, baculovirus, lambda, adenovirus and so on. A great number of transcription, initiation (including ribosomal binding sites) and termination regulation regions have been isolated and there efficiency for the transcription and translation of heterologous proteins has been demonstrated in various hosts. Examples for these regions, methods for the isolation, the way for using are well known. Under suitable conditions for expression host cells may be used as source for the recombinant synthesized proteins.

Expression Systems

Preferable vectors may include a transcription element (that is a promoter), functionally connected with the enzyme domain. Optionally, the promoter may include parts of operator region and/or ribosomal binding sites. Non-limiting examples for bacterial promoters, which are compatible with E. coli, include: trc promoter, b-lactamase (penicillinase) promoter; lactose promoter, tryptophan (trp) promoter, arabinose BAD operon-promoter, lambda-derived P1 promoter and N gene ribosomal binding site and the hybrid Tac promoter, derived from sequences of trp and lac UV5 promoters. Non-limiting examples for yeast promoters include 3-phosphoglycerate kinase promoter, glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) promoter, galactokinase (GALI) promoter, galactoepimerase promoter and alcoholdehydrogenase (ADH) promoter. Suitable promoters for mammalian cells include without limiting viral promoters such as i.e. simian virus 40 (SV40), rous sarcoma virus (RSV), adenovirus (ADV) and bovine papilloma virus (BPV). Mammalian cells may also need terminator sequences and poly-A sequences and enhancer sequences, which may increase the expression. Sequences, which amplify the genes, may also be preferred. Further on, sequences may be included, which ease the secretion of the recombinant protein from the cell, which may be but non-limiting a bacterial, yeast or animal cell, such as i.e. a secretion signal sequence and/or prehormon sequence.

It is an important aspect of the invention that the combined recombinant endowment with xylB and other gene(s) of the alternative C5-isoprenoid pathway and optionally gene(s) for higher isoprenoids or terpenoids boost(s) these pathways. Preferably, xylB is combined with complete sets of genes to convert 1-deoxy-D-xylulose 5-phosphate into the desired intermediate or end products. For intermediates in the C5-isoprenoid pathway, cells are preferably endowed with one of the combinations of genes given in claim 76.

For the genes cited herein, the common E. coli designation were used. Other genes from E. coli or from other organisms (orthologous genes) may also be used if they have the same functions (function-conservative genes), notably if their gene products catalyze the same reaction. Further, deletion or insertion variants or fusions of these genes with other genes or nucleic acids may be used, as long as these variants are function-conservative. The above genes may be derived from bacteria, protozoa, or from higher or lower plants.

It is another important aspect of the invention that the function of gcpE as following immediately downstream from ispF has been determined. Our findings show that the gcpE gene product is involved in the formation of the novel compound 1-hydroxy-2-methyl-2-butenyl 4-diphosphate from 2C-methyl-D-erythritol 2,4-cyclodiphosphate. Therefore, we rename gcpE in ispG.

In a further aspect of the invention it was shown that the gene product of gcpE is involved in the formation of the E-isomer of 1-hydroxy-2-methyl-2-butenyl 4-diphosphate from 2C-methyl-D-erythritol 2,4-cyclodiphosphate by comparison with chemically synthesized (E)- and (Z)-isomers of 1-hydroxy-2-methyl-2-butenyl 4-diphosphate. Therefore, this invention further pertains to the (E) and (Z) isomers of 1-hydroxy-2-methyl-2-butenyl 4-diphosphate salts or protonated forms thereof.

It is another important aspect of the invention that the function of lytB has been determined as following immediately downstream from ispG. Therefore, it is renamed ispH. It is our finding that ispH is involved in the conversion of (E)-1-hydroxy-2-methyl-2-butenyl 4-diphosphate into isopentenyl 4-diphosphate and/or dimethylallyl 4-diphosphate.

It should be understood that “1-hydroxy-2-methyl-2-butenyl 4-phosphate” and “1-hydroxy-2-methyl-2-butenyl 4-diphosphate” comprise the free phosphoric and diphosphoric acids, respectively, and the singly or multiply deprotonated forms thereof, i.e. salts which may be salts of any cation (including Na, K, NH₄ ⁺, Li, Mg, Ca, Zn, Mn, and Co cations). The protonation state of (di)phosphates and phosphate derivatives or their conjugated acids in aqueous solution depends on the pH value of the solution, as is known to persons skilled in the art. The same applies to other phosphates or phosphate derivatives.

In another aspect of the invention, (E)-1-hydroxy-2-methyl-2-butenyl 4-diphosphate has been successfully incorporated into the lipid soluble fraction of Capsicum annuum chromoplasts. A ¹⁴C label of this compound was incorporated into the geranylgeraniol, b-carotene, phytoene and phytofluene fractions of C. annuum chromoplasts establishing (E)-1-hydroxy-2-methyl-2-butenyl 4-diphosphate as intermediate of the non-mevalonate pathway downstream from 2C-methyl-D-erythritol 2,4-cyclodiphosphate and upstream from isopentenyl diphosphate.

It is another aspect of the invention that xylB can be combined with gcpE and optionally other genes of the alternative C5 isoprenoid pathway and/or of the higher isoprenoid pathways in vector(s) for recombinant engineering.

As a consequence of our findings regarding gcpE (now ispG) it follows that the gene lytB operates downstream of gcpE and thus in service of the conversion of 1-hydroxy-2-methyl-2-butenyl 4-diphosphate to IPP and/or DMAPP. Therefore, it is another aspect of the invention to combine the gene lytB with xylB and optionally other genes of the common C5-isoprenoid pathway or of a higher isoprenoid pathway.

Our finding allows the efficient formation or production of intermediates or products of the isoprenoid pathway with any desired labelling, notably the following intermediates:

2C-methyl-D-erythritol 4-phosphate; 4-diphosphocytidyl-2C-methyl-D-erythritol; 4-diphosphocytidyl-2C-methyl-D-erythritol 2-phosphate; 2C-methyl-D-erythritol 2,4-cyclodiphosphate; 1-hydroxy-2-methyl-2-butenyl 4-diphosphate, isopentenyl diphosphate; dimethylallyl diphosphate.

The formation of end products of the terpenoid pathway (e.g., b-carotene, zeaxanthine, paclitaxel, menthol, menthone, cannabinoids), may be boosted following the process of the invention.

The strains harbouring the recombinant plasmids can be cultivated in conventional culture media, preferably in terrific broth medium, at 15 to 40° C. The preferred temperature is 37° C. The E. coli strains are induced with 0.5 to 2 mM isopropyl-b-D-thiogalactoside (IPTG) at an optical density at 600 nm from 0.5 to 5. The cells are incubated after addition of 1-deoxy-D-xylulose at a concentration of 0.001 mM to 1 M preferably at a concentration of 0.01 to 30 mM for 30 min to 15 h, preferably 1 to 5 h. It has been found that the process of producing isoprenoid intermediates or products by the genetically engineered organisms of the invention can be boosted by supplying a source for CTP, for example cytidine and/or uridine and/or cytosine and/or uracil and/or ribose and/or ribose 5-phosphate and/or any biosynthetic precursors of CTP at a concentration of 0.01 to 10 mM, preferably at a concentration of 0.3 to 1 mM, and/or by supplying a source for phosphorylation activity, for example glycerol 3-phosphate and/or phosphoenolpyruvate and/or ribose 5-phosphate at a concentration of 0.1 to 100 mM, preferably at a concentration of 0.5 to 10 mM and/or inorganic phosphate and/or inorganic pyrophosphate at a concentration of 1 to 500 mM, preferably at a concentration of 10 to 100 mM and/or any organic phosphate and/or pyrophosphate, and/or by supplying a source for reduction equivalents, for example 0.1 to 1000 mM, preferably 10 to 1000 mM, lactate and/or succinate and/or glycerol and/or glucose and/or lipids at a concentration of 0.1 to 100 mM, preferably at a concentration of 0.5 to 10 mM. A particularly efficient production process is specified in claims 72 and 80 to 84.

This process can also be used with great advantages for screening for inhibitors of the enzymes involved or of downstream enzymes, dependent on the choice of the isoprenoid intermediate or product for detection. The enzymes dxs, dxr, ispD, ispE, ispF, ispG (formerly gcpE) and ispH (formerly lytB) do not occur in animals. Therefore inhibitors against dxs, dxr, ispD, ispE, ispF, ispG (formerly gcpE) and ispH (formerly lytB) have great value as (a) herbicides against weed plants or algae; (b) antibiotic agents against pathogenic bacteria; (c) agents against protozoa, like Plasmodium falciparum, the causative pathogen of malaria.

The activity of the said enzymes can be detected (in the presence or absence of a potential inhibitor) by measuring either the formation of a product or the consumption of an intermediate, preferably by TLC, HPLC or NMR.

With the finding that 1-hydroxy-2-methyl-2-butenyl 4-diphosphate is an intermediate of the non-mevalonate terpenoid pathway we have acquired essential determinants of the structure of inhibitors. Namely, the structures of a subset of inhibitors should be similar to at least a portion of the starting compound or the product or the transition state between the starting compound e.g. 2C-methyl-D-erythritol 2,4-cyclodiphosphate and the product e.g. 1-hydroxy-2-methyl-2-butenyl 4-diphosphate.

This invention discloses novel compounds, or salts thereof, of the following formula I:

whereby R¹ and R² are different from each other and one of R¹ and R² is hydrogen and the other is selected from the group consisting of —CH₂—O—PO(OH)—O—PO(OH)₂, —CH₂—O—PO(OH)₂, and —CH₂OH, and whereby A stands for —CH₂OH or —CHO. These compounds may be isotope-labelled.

In formula I, A preferably stands for —CH₂OH.

Among R¹ and R², R¹ is preferably hydrogen and R² is preferably selected from the group consisting of —CH₂—O—PO(OH)—O—PO(OH)₂ and —CH₂—O—PO(OH)₂.

In the group consisting of —CH₂—O—PO(OH)—O—PO(OH)₂ and —CH₂—O—PO(OH)₂, —CH₂—O—PO(OH)—O—PO(OH)₂ is preferred.

If a compound of formula I is a salt, it may e.g. be a lithium, sodium, potassium, magnesium, ammonium, manganese salt. These salts may derive from a single or from multiple deprotonations from the (di)phosphoric acid moiety.

The novel compounds disclosed herein are useful for various applications e.g. for screening for genes, enzymes or inhibitors of the biosynthesis of isoprenoids or terpenoids, either in vitro in the presence of an electron donor or in vivo.

This invention further provides a process for the chemical preparation of a compound of formula I or a salt thereof:

wherein A represents —CH₂OH and R¹ and R² are different from each other and one of R¹ and R² is hydrogen and the other is —CH₂—O—PO(OH)—O—PO(OH)₂, —CH₂—O—PO(OH)₂ or —CH₂—OH by the following steps:

-   (a) converting a compound of the following formula (II):

-   -   wherein B is a protective group into a compound of the following         formula (III) or (IV):

-   -   by a Wittig or Horner reagent, wherein the group D is a         precursor group convertible reductively to a —CH₂—OH group;

-   (b) reductively converting group D to a —CH₂—OH group;

-   (c) optionally converting group —CH₂—OH obtained in step (b) into     —CH₂—O—PO(OH)—O—PO(OH)₂ or —CH₂—O—PO(OH)₂ or salts thereof in a     manner known per se;

-   (d) optionally conversion to a desired salt;

-   (e) removing the protective group B.

In the above process, said protective group B may be any group that allows to regenerate an hydroxy group at the position it is attached to. Said protective group B is preferably stable under the conditions of step (a) to step (d). Said protective group B is removed in step (e) of said process in order to generate a hydroxy group. Protective groups for hydroxy groups are known to the skilled person. Group B may for example form an acetal group together with the remaining moiety of the compound of formula (II), (III) or (IV). Acetals can be hydrolysed under acidic conditions. Most preferably, group B is a 2-tetrahydropyranyl group.

In the above process, said group D is a precursor group convertible reductively to a —CH₂—OH group. Group D may be a derivative of a carbon acid. Examples of such a group include alkoxycarbonyl and aminocarbonyl groups. Said aminocarbonyl groups may be substituted at the amino group with one or two alkyl groups. It is most preferred to use alkoxycarbonyl groups. The alkyl group of said alkoxycarbonyl groups or said alkyl groups of said aminocarbonyl groups may be a linear or branched alkyl groups which may be singly or multiply substituted. Preferred are C₁-C₆ alkyl groups like methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, pentyl or hexyl groups. Most preferred are methyl or ethyl groups. The most preferred example of said group D is an ethoxycarbonyl group.

Said compound of formula (II) may be prepared by protecting the hydroxy group of hydroxy acetone with said group B. If group B is a tetrahydropyranyl group, the compound of formula (II) may be prepared from hydroxy acetone and 3,4-dihydro-2H-pyran, preferably employing pyridinium toluene-4-sulfonate as a catalyst. A specific method for preparing acetonyl tetrahydropyranyl ether is described in example 24.

In step (a) of said process, the compound of formula (II) is converted to a compound of formula (III) or (IV) by a Wittig or a Horner reagent. Wittig-type reactions and reagents are known to skilled persons (see e.g. Watanabe et al. 1996 and references cited therein). Common Wittig reagents to be used for the above process are methylen-triphenylphosphoranes which may be substituted at the methylene group. For the above process of this invention, a methylen-triphenylphosphorane is employed which is substituted with the above-defined group D at the methylene group. Such Wittig reagents are commercially available or can be prepared according to known methods.

The olefin produced in step (a) may be formed as a mixture of the cis/trans isomers of formulas (III) and (IV). If one of said isomers is preferred, it may be enriched or separated from the other isomer by methods known in the art, preferably by chromatography. Alternatively, a separation of said isomers may be carried out after one of the following steps (b) to (e).

In step (b) of the above process, group D of the compound of formula (III) or (IV) or a mixture of said compounds is reductively converted to a —CH₂—OH group. Various methods are known in the art to perform such a reduction. Conditions are chosen such that group D is reduced whereas the olefin moiety is not. Examples for reductants to be used in this step are molecular hydrogen or metal hydrides. Examples for useful metal hydrides include boron hydrides like sodium borohydride, aluminium hydrides like lithium aluminium hydride or diisobutyl aluminumhydride (DIBAH), alkali metal or metal earth hydrides like sodium hydride or calcium hydride. Aluminium hydrides are preferred. A specific example for carrying out step (b) is described in example 24.

If the desired end product of said process is a compound of formula (I), wherein R¹ or R² is —CH₂—OH, the compound or mixture of compounds obtained in step (b) may be directly subjected to step (d) or step (e). Preferably, it is subjected to step (e) for removing protective group B. If the desired end product of said process is a compound of formula (I), wherein R¹ or R² is —CH₂—O—PO(OH)—O—PO(OH)₂ or —CH₂—O—PO(OH)₂, compound or mixture of compounds obtained in step (b) is subjected to step (c) of said process for converting —CH₂—OH group obtained in step (b) into a —CH₂—O—PO(OH)—O—PO(OH)₂ or a —CH₂—O—PO(OH)₂ group.

Step (c) may be carried in several ways which are known to the skilled person. Step (c) may comprise substituting the hydroxy group of said —CH₂—OH group obtained in step (b) by a leaving group. Step (c) may comprise converting said —CH₂—OH group to a —CH₂-halide group by a halogenating agent. A sulfuric, sulfonic or phosphoric acid halogenide may be employed as halogenating agent. Tosyl chloride is most preferred. Said halide may be fluoride, chloride, bromide or iodide, preferably chloride. The compound carrying said —CH₂-halide group is preferably isolated. Said leaving group may further be created by reacting said —CH₂—OH group obtained in step (b) with a sulfonic acid halide, preferably tosyl chloride.

Said intermediate having said leaving group may then be reacted with phosphoric or diphosphoric acid or singly or multiply deprotonated forms thereof. Preferably an alkylammonium salt of phosphoric or diphosphoric acid is used, more preferably a tetraalkylammonium salt, and most preferably a tetra-butylammonium salt. A polar aprotic solvent is preferred for this reaction. Preferably, the compound or mixture of compounds obtained is purified according to standard procedures. A specific example for carrying out step (c) is described in example 24.

In step (d), the compound or mixture of compounds obtained in step (c) may be converted to a desired salt. Methods for carrying out step (d) are well known. Such methods may comprise adjusting the pH of an aqueous solution with an appropriate acid or salt to a desired pH value.

In step (e), the protective group B of a compound obtained in one of steps (b) to (d) is removed in order to obtain a compound of formula (I) wherein A is —CH₂—OH. The method for removing a protective group depends on the type of the protective group. Such methods are well known. If the protective groups forms an acetal, removing said protecting group may be achieved by acid hydrolysis (see example 24).

This invention provides protein in a form that is functional for the enzymatic conversion of 2C-methyl-D-erythritol 2,4-cyclodiphosphate to 1-hydroxy-2-methyl-2-butenyl 4-diphosphate notably in its (E)-form, preferably in the presence of NADH and/or NADPH and/or in the presence of Co²⁺. Said enzyme preferably has a sequence encoded by the ispG (formerly gcpE) gene of E. coli or a function-conservative homologue of said sequence, i.e. said homologue is capable of performing the same function as said protein. For many applications of said protein, it may be expressed and purified as a fusion protein, notably a fusion with maltose binding protein. In this way, enzymatically active protein may be readily obtained.

This invention further provides a protein in a form that is functional for the enzymatic conversion of 1-hydroxy-2-methyl-2-butenyl 4-diphosphate, notably in its (E)-form, to isopentenyl diphosphate and/or dimethylallyl diphosphate. Said protein preferably requires FAD and NAD(P)H for said functionality. Further, said protein may require a metal ion selected from the group of manganese, iron, cobalt, or nickel ion. Said protein preferably has a sequence encoded by the ispH (formerly lytB) gene of E. coli or a function-conservative homologue of said sequence. For many applications of said protein, it may be expressed and purified as a fusion protein, notably a fusion with maltose binding protein. In this way, enzymatically active protein may be readily obtained.

The above proteins may be plant proteins, notably from Arabidopsis thaliana, bacterial proteins, notably from E. coli, or protozoal proteins, notably from Plasmodium falciparum.

The invention further provides a purified isolated nucleic acid encoding one or both of the above proteins with or without introns. Further, the invention provides a DNA expression vector containing the sequence of said purified isolated nucleic acid.

The invention further provides cells, cell cultures, organisms or parts thereof recombinantly endowed with the sequence of said purified isolated nucleic acid or with said DNA expression vector, wherein said cell is selected from the group consisting of bacterial, protozoal, fungal, plant, insect and mammalian cells. Said cells, cell cultures, organisms or parts thereof may further be endowed with at least one gene selected from the following group: dxs, dxr, ispD (formerly ygbP); ispE (formerly ychB); ispF (formerly ygbB) of E. coli or a function-conservative homologue thereof, or a function-conservative fusion, deletion or insertion variant of any of the above genes.

The invention further provides cells, cell cultures, or organisms or parts thereof transformed or transfected for an increased rate of formation of 1-hydroxy-2-methyl-2-butenyl 4-diphosphate, notably in its (E)-form, compared to cells, cell cultures, or organisms or parts thereof absent said transformation or transfection. The transformation or transfection preferably comprises endowment with the gcpE gene of E. coli or with a function-conservative homologue from an other organism, e.g. plant or protozoal organism.

The invention also provides cells, cell cultures, or organisms or parts thereof transformed or transfected for an increased rate of conversion of (E)-1-hydroxy-2-methyl-2-butenyl 4-diphosphate to isopentenyl diphosphate and/or dimethylallyl diphosphate compared to cells, cell cultures, or organisms or parts thereof absent said transformation or transfection. The transformation or transfection preferably comprises endowment with the lytB gene of E. coli or with a function-conservative homologue from an other organism, e.g. plant or protozoal organism.

The invention provides also cells, cell cultures, or organisms or parts thereof transformed or transfected for an increased expression level of the protein of one of claims 1 to 4 and/or the protein of one of claims 5 to 8 compared to cells, cell cultures, or organisms or parts thereof absent said transformation or transfection.

Moreover, the invention provides a method of altering the expression level of the gene product(s) of ispG and/or ispH or function-conservative homologues from other organisms or variants thereof in cells comprising

-   (a) transforming host cells with the ispG and/or ispH gene, -   (b) growing the transformed host cells of step (a) under conditions     that are suitable for the efficient expression of ispG and/or ispH,     resulting in production of altered levels of the ispG and/or ispH     gene product(s) in the transformed cells relative to expression     levels of untransformed cells.

Furthermore, the invention provides a method of identifying an inhibitor of an enzyme functional for the conversion of 2C-methyl-D-erythritol 2,4-cyclodiphosphate to 1-hydroxy-2-methyl-2-butenyl 4-diphosphate, notably its E-form, of the non-mevalonate isoprenoid pathway by the following steps:

-   (a) incubating a mixture containing said enzyme with its, optionally     isotope-labeled, substrate     2C-methyl-D-erythritol-2,4-cyclodiphosphate under conditions     suitable for said conversion in the presence and in the absence of a     potential inhibitor, -   (b) subsequently determining the concentration of     2C-methyl-D-erythritol 2,4-cyclodiphosphate and/or     1-hydroxy-2-methyl-2-butenyl 4-diphosphate, and -   (c) comparing the concentration in the presence and in the absence     of said potential inhibitor.

Furthermore, the invention provides a method of identifying an inhibitor of an enzyme functional for the conversion of 1-hydroxy-2-methyl-2-butenyl 4-diphosphate, notably its E-form, to isopentenyl diphosphate or dimethylallyl diphosphate of the non-mevalonate isoprenoid pathway by the following steps:

-   (a) incubating a mixture containing said enzyme with its, optionally     isotope-labeled, substrate 1-hydroxy-2-methyl-2-butenyl     4-diphosphate under conditions suitable for said conversion in the     presence and in the absence of a potential inhibitor, whereby said     mixture preferably contains FAD, -   (b) determining the concentration of 1-hydroxy-2-methyl-2-butenyl     4-diphosphate and/or isopentenyl diphosphate or dimethylallyl     diphosphate, and -   (c) comparing the concentration in the presence and in the absence     of said potential inhibitor.

The above methods of identifying an inhibitor are preferably carried out by following the consumption of NADPH or NADH making use of its characteristic absorbance spectrum. Alternatively, the fluorescence of NADH or NADPH can be followed when excited around 340 nm. The above methods of identifying an inhibitor may advantageously be performed as high-throughput screening assays for inhibitors, notably in combination with photometric detection of the consumption of NADH or NADPH. Further, one or more flavin analogues (e.g. FAD, FMN) may be added to the incubation mixtures in said methods, preferably in catalytic amounts. Most preferred is the addition of FAD. Said enzymes may be employed in said methods as fusion proteins with maltose binding protein (examples 38 to 41, 44, 45), which allows straightforward expression and purification of said enzymes in enzymatically active form. Further embodiments of said methods of identifying are defined in the subclaims to these methods.

It is known that intermediates of the non-mevalonate pathway are responsible for γδ T cell activation by various pathogenic bacteria. γδ T cell activation is followed by T cell proliferation, secretion of cytokines and chemokines and is very likely crucial for regulating the immune response following pathogen infection (Altincicek et al., 2001 and references cited therein). Recently, it was shown that E. coli strains lost the ability to stimulate γδ T cells when the dxr or the gcpE gene was knocked out, strongly indicating that an intermediate downstream of gcpE and upstream of isopentenyl pyrophosphate exhibits the most potent antigenic activity (Altincicek et al., 2001). However, the intermediate produced by the gcpE gene product in the pathway has been unknown. Herein, this intermediate has surprisingly been identified as an hitherto unprecedented compound, which opens up a whole range of novel applications for this compound.

The compounds of formula I can be used as immunomodulatory or immunostimulating agents, e.g. for activating γδ T cells. Immunomodulation via γδ T cell activation by said compounds may prove useful not only to support combat against pathogens but for various conditions for which a stimulation of the immune system is desirable. The novel compounds of the invention may therefore be used for medical treatment of pathogen infections. Such a treatment stimulates the activity of the immune system against the pathogen. Preferably, the compound wherein R¹=H and/or A is —CH₂OH is used for this application. Alternatively, the oxidation product with A=CHO may prove to be highly active. Among the compounds of formula I, the one with the highest or most suitable γδ T cell stimulating activity may be selected in a test system known in the art (e.g. that described by Altincicek et al., 2001). Importantly, since the compounds of the invention do not act as antibiotics, development of resistancies is not a problem for the method of treatment disclosed herein.

In an advantageous embodiment, said compounds may be combined with an antibiotically active compound for treating a pathogen infection. Such a treatment combines the advantages of inhibiting pathogen proliferation by an antibiotic and stimulating the immune system against the pathogen resulting in a much faster and more efficient treatment. Such an antibiotically active compound may be a bacteriostatic antibiotic (e.g. tetracyclines).

Therefore, the novel compounds of this invention may be used for the preparation of a medicament. The invention further pertains to a pharmaceutical composition containing a compound of formula I and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. Said pharmaceutical composition may further contain an antibiotically active compound as mentioned above.

This invention further comprises antibodies against the compounds of formula I. Said antibodies may be polyclonal or monoclonal and may be raised according to conventional techniques. Raising such antibodies will comprise coupling of a compound of formula I has hapten to a macromolecular carrier like a protein in order to be immunogenic. Such an immunogenic compound of formula I may further be used as a vaccine.

The antibodies of the invention may be used for detecting a compound of formula I. Since said compounds are produced by organisms having the non-mevalonate isoprenoid pathway, such organisms may be detected using said antibodies. Preferably, such organisms may be detected in body fluids in a diagnostic method, thereby indicating an infection by a pathogen having the non-mevalonate pathway. A positive result in such a diagnostic method may at the same time indicate possible treatment by the compounds of the invention.

When an antibody of the invention is used for detecting a compound of formula I, it is preferably labelled to allow photometric detection and/or immobilized to a support. Such methods are well-known in the art.

This invention further provides a process for the chemical preparation of a compound of formula I or a salt thereof (see FIG. 7):

wherein A represents —CH₂OH or —CHO, R¹ is hydrogen, and R² is —CH₂—O—PO(OH)—O—PO(OH)₂, —CH₂—O—PO(OH)₂ or —CH₂—OH by the following steps:

(a) converting 2-methyl-2-vinyl-oxiran into 4-chloro-2-methyl-2-buten-1-al;

(b) converting 4-chloro-2-methyl-2-buten-1-al to its acetal;

(c) substituting the chlorine atom in the product of step (b) by a hydroxyl group, a phosphate group or a pyrophosphate group;

(d) hydrolysing the acetal obtained in step (c) to produce an aldehyde group;

(e) optionally converting the aldehyde group of the product of step (d) to a —CH₂OH group.

Preferred embodiments of this process are defined in the subclaims and are exemplified in example 42.

The invention will now be described in detail with reference to specific examples.

EXAMPLE 1 Construction of a Vector Carrying the xylB Gene of Escherichia coli Capable for Transcription and Expression of D-xylulokinase

Chromosomal DNA from Escherichia coli strain XL1-Blue (Bullock et al. 1987; commercial source: Stratagene, LaJolla, Calif., USA) is isolated according to a method described by Meade et al. 1982.

The E. coli ORF xylB (accession no. gb AE000433) from base pair (bp) position 8596 to 10144 is amplified by PCR using chromosomal E. coli DNA as template. The reaction mixture contains 10 pmol of the primer 5′-CCGTCGGAATTCGAGGAGAAATTAACCATGTATATCGGGATAGATCTTGG-3′ (SEQ ID NO:1), 10 pmol of the primer 5′-GCAGTGAAGCTTTTACGCCATTAATGGCAGAAGTTGC-3′ (SEQ ID NO:2), 20 ng of chromosomal DNA, 2 U of Taq DNA polymerase (Eurogentec, Seraing, Belgium) and 20 nmol of dNTPs in a total volume of 100 μl containing 1.5 mM MgCl₂, 50 mM KCl, 10 mM Tris-hydrochloride, pH 8.8 and 0.1% (w/w) Triton X-100.

The mixture is denaturated for 3 min at 94° C. Then 30 PCR cycles for 60 sec at 94° C., 60 sec at 50° C. and 75 sec at 72° C. followed. After further incubation for 10 min at 72° C., the mixture is cooled to 4° C. An aliquot of 2 μl is subjected to agarose gel electrophoresis.

The PCR amplificate is purified with the PCR purification kit from Qiagen (Hilden, Germany).

1.0 μg of the vector pBluescript SKII⁻ (Stratagene) and 0.5 μg of the purified PCR product are digested with EcoRI and HindIII in order to produce DNA fragments with overlapping ends. The restriction mixtures are prepared according to the conditions supplied by the customer (New England Biolabs, Frankfurt am Main, Germany (NEB)) and are incubated for 3 h at 37° C. Digested vector DNA and PCR product are purified using the PCR purification kit from Qiagen.

20 ng of the purified vector DNA and 20 ng of the purified PCR product are ligated together with 1 U of T4-Ligase (Gibco), 2 μl of T4-Ligase buffer (Gibco) in a total volume of 10 μl, yielding the plasmid pBSxylB. The ligation mixture is incubated for 2 h at 25° C. 1 μl of the ligation mixture is transformed into electrocompetent E. coli XL1-Blue cells according to a method described by Dower et al., 1988. The plasmid pBSxylB is isolated with the plasmid isolation kit from Qiagen.

The DNA insert of the plasmid pBSxylB is sequenced by the automated dideoxynucleotide method (Sanger et al., 1992) using an ABI Prism 377™ DNA sequencer from Perkin Elmer (Norwalk, USA) with the ABI Prism™ Sequencing Analysis Software from Applied Biosystems Divisions (Foster city, USA). It is identical with the DNA sequence of the database entry (gb AE000433).

EXAMPLE 2 Construction of a Vector Carrying the XylB and dxr Genes of Escherichia coli Capable for Transcription and Expression of D-xylulokinase and DXP reductoisomerase

The E. coli ORF dxr (accession no. gb AE000126) from base pair (bp) position 9887 to 11083 is amplified by PCR using chromosomal E. coli DNA as template. The reaction mixture contains 10 pmol of the primer 5′-CTAGCCAAGCTTGAGGAGAAATTAACCATGAAGCAACTCACCATTCTGG-3′ (SEQ ID NO:3), 10 pmol of the primer 5′-GGAGATGTCGACTCAGCTTGCGAGACGC-3′ (SEQ ID NO:4), 20 ng of chromosomal DNA, 2 U of Taq DNA polymerase (Eurogentec) and 20 nmol of dNTPs in a total volume of 100 μl containing 1.5 mM MgCl₂, 50 mM KCl, 10 mM Tris-hydrochloride, pH 8.8 and 0.1% (w/w) Triton X-100.

The mixture is denaturated for 3 min at 94° C. Then 30 PCR cycles for 60 sec at 94° C., 60 sec at 50° C. and 75 sec at 72° C. followed. After further incubation for 10 min at 72° C., the mixture is cooled to 4° C. An aliquot of 2 μl is subjected to agarose gel electrophoresis.

The PCR amplificate is purified with the PCR purification kit from Qiagen (Hilden).

1.2 μg of the vector pBSxylB (Example 1) and 0.6 μg of the purified PCR product are digested with HindIII and SalI in order to produce DNA fragments with overlapping ends. The restriction mixtures are prepared according to the conditions supplied by the customer (NEB) and are incubated for 3 h at 37° C. Digested vector DNA and PCR product are purified using the PCR purification kit from Qiagen.

20 ng of the purified vector DNA and 18 ng of the purified PCR product are ligated together with 1 U of T4-Ligase (Gibco), 2 μl of T4-Ligase buffer (Gibco) in a total volume of 10 μl, yielding the plasmid pBSxylBdxr. The ligation mixture is incubated for 2 h at 25° C. 1 μl of the ligation mixture is transformed into electrocompetent E. coli XL1-Blue cells. The plasmid pBSxylBdxr is isolated with the plasmid isolation kit from Qiagen.

The DNA insert of the plasmid pBSxylBdxr is sequenced by the automated dideoxynucleotide method using an ABI Prism 377™ DNA sequencer from Perkin Elmer with the ABI Prism™ Sequencing Analysis Software from Applied Biosystems Divisions. It is identical with the DNA sequence of the database entry (gb AE000126).

The DNA sequence of the vector construct pBSxylBdxr is shown in FIG. 8.

EXAMPLE 3 Construction of a Vector Carrying the XylB, dxr and ispD Genes of Escherichia coli Capable for Transcription and Expression of D-xylulokinase, DXP Reductoisomerase and CDP-ME Synthase

The E. coli ORF ispD (accession no. gb AE000358) from base pair (bp) position 6754 to 7464 is amplified by PCR using chromosomal E. coli DNA as template. The reaction mixture contains 10 pmol of the primer 5′-CCGGGAGTCGACGAGGAGAAATTAACCATGGCAACCACTCATTTGGATG-3′ (SEQ ID NO:5), 10 pmol of the primer 5′-GTCCAACTCGAGTTATGTATTCTCCTTGATGG-3′ (SEQ ID NO:6), 20 ng of chromosomal DNA, 2 U of Taq DNA polymerase (Eurogentec) and 20 nmol of dNTPs in a total volume of 100 μl containing 1.5 mM MgCl₂, 50 mM KCl, 10 mM Tris-hydrochloride, pH 8.8 and 0.1% (w/w) Triton X-100.

The mixture is denaturated for 3 min at 94° C. Then 30 PCR cycles for 30 sec at 94° C., 30 sec at 50° C. and 45 sec at 72° C. followed. After further incubation for 10 min at 72° C., the mixture is cooled to 4° C. An aliquot of 2 μl is subjected to agarose gel electrophoresis.

The PCR amplificate is purified with the PCR purification kit from Qiagen (Hilden).

1.5 μg of the vector pBSxylBdxr (Example 2) and 0.8 μg of the purified PCR product are digested with SalI and XhoI in order to produce DNA fragments with overlapping ends. The restriction mixtures are prepared according to the conditions supplied by the customer (NEB) and are incubated for 3 h at 37° C. Digested vector DNA and PCR product are purified using the PCR purification kit from Qiagen.

20 ng of the purified vector DNA and 12 ng of the purified PCR product are ligated together with 1 U of T4-Ligase (Gibco), 2 μl of T4-Ligase buffer (Gibco) in a total volume of 10 μl, yielding the plasmid pBSxylBdxrispD. The ligation mixture is incubated for 2 h at 25° C. 1 μl of the ligation mixture is transformed into electrocompetent E. coli XL1-Blue cells. The plasmid pBSxylBdxrispD is isolated with the plasmid isolation kit from Qiagen.

The DNA insert of the plasmid pBSxylBdxrispD is sequenced by the automated dideoxynucleotide method using an ABI Prism 377™ DNA sequencer from Perkin Elmer with the ABI Prism™ Sequencing Analysis Software from Applied Biosystems Divisions. It is identical with the DNA sequence of the database entry (gb AE000126).

The DNA sequence of the vector construct pBSxylBdxrispD is shown in FIG. 9.

EXAMPLE 4 Construction of a Vector Carrying the xylB, dxr, ispD and ispF Genes of Escherichia coli Capable for Transcription and Expression of D-xylulokinase, DXP Reductoisomerase, CDP-ME Synthase, and cMEPP Synthase

The E. coli ORF's ispD and ispF (accession no. gb AE000358) from base pair (bp) position 6275 to 7464 is amplified by PCR using chromosomal E. coli DNA as template. The reaction mixture contains 10 pmol of the primer 5′-CCGGGAGTCGACGAGGAGAAATTAACCATGGCAACCACTCATTTGGATG-3′ (SEQ ID NO:7), 10 pmol of the primer 5′-TATCAACTCGAGTCATTTTGTTGCCTTAATGAG-3′ (SEQ ID NO:8), 20 ng of chromosomal DNA, 2 U of Taq DNA polymerase (Eurogentec) and 20 nmol of dNTPs in a total volume of 100 μl containing 1.5 mM MgCl₂, 50 mM KCl, 10 mM Tris-hydrochloride, pH 8.8 and 0.1% (w/w) Triton X-100.

The mixture is denaturated for 3 min at 94° C. Then 30 PCR cycles for 60 sec at 94° C., 60 sec at 50° C. and 75 sec at 72° C. followed. After further incubation for 10 min at 72° C., the mixture is cooled to 4° C. An aliquot of 2 μl is subjected to agarose gel electrophoresis.

The PCR amplificate is purified with the PCR purification kit from Qiagen (Hilden).

1.4 μg of the vector pBSxylBdxr (Example 2) and 0.7 μl of the purified PCR product are digested with SalI and XhoI in order to produce DNA fragments with overlapping ends. The restriction mixtures are prepared according to the conditions supplied by the customer (NEB) and are incubated for 3 h at 37° C. Digested vector DNA and PCR product are purified using the PCR purification kit from Qiagen.

20 ng of the purified vector DNA and 18 ng of the purified PCR product are ligated together with 1 U of T4-Ligase (Gibco), 2 μl of T4-Ligase buffer (Gibco) in a total volume of 10 μl yielding the plasmid pBSxylBdxrispDF. The ligation mixture is incubated for 2 h at 25° C. 1 μl of the ligation mixture is transformed into electrocompetent E. coli XL1-Blue cells. The plasmid pBSxylBdxrispDF is isolated with the plasmid isolation kit from Qiagen.

The DNA insert of the plasmid pBSxylBdxrispDF is sequenced by the automated dideoxynucleotide method using an ABI Prism 377™ DNA sequencer from Perkin Elmer with the ABI Prism™ Sequencing Analysis Software from Applied Biosystems Divisions. It is identical with the DNA sequence of the database entry (gb AE000126).

EXAMPLE 5 Construction of a Vector Carrying the xylB, dxr, ispD, ispE and ispF Genes of Escherichia coli Capable for Transcription and Expression of D-xylulokinase, DXP Reductoisomerase, CDP-ME Synthase, CDP-ME Kinase and cMEPP Synthase

The E. coli ORF ispE (accession no. gb AE000219) from base pair (bp) position 5720 to 6571 is amplified by PCR using chromosomal E. coli DNA as template. The reaction mixture contains 10 pmol of the primer 5′-GCGAACCTCGAGGAGGAGAAATTAACCATGCGGACACAGTGGCCC-3′ (SEQ ID NO:9), 10 pmol of the primer 5′-CCTGACGGTACCTTAAAGCATGGCTCTGTGC-3′ (SEQ ID NO:10), 20 ng of chromosomal DNA, 2 U of Taq DNA polymerase (Eurogentec) and 20 nmol of dNTPs in a total volume of 100 μl containing 1.5 mM MgCl₂, 50 mM KCl, 10 mM Tris-hydrochloride, pH 8.8 and 0.1% (w/w) Triton X-100.

The mixture is denaturated for 3 min at 94° C. Then 30 PCR cycles for 45 sec at 94° C., 45 sec at 50° C. and 60 sec at 72° C. followed. After further incubation for 10 min at 72° C., the mixture is cooled to 4° C. An aliquot of 2 μl is subjected to agarose gel electrophoresis.

The PCR amplificate is purified with the PCR purification kit from Qiagen (Hilden). 1.2 μg of the vector pBSxylBdxrispDF (Example 4) and 0.6 μg of the purified PCR product are digested with XhoI and KpnI in order to produce DNA fragments with overlapping ends. The restriction mixtures are prepared according to the conditions supplied by the customer (NEB) and are incubated for 3 h at 37° C. Digested vector DNA and PCR product are purified using the PCR purification kit from Qiagen.

20 ng of the purified vector DNA and 15 ng of the purified PCR product are ligated together with 1 U of T4-Ligase (Gibco), 2 μl of T4-Ligase buffer (Gibco) in a total volume of 10 μl, yielding the plasmid pBScyclo. The ligation mixture is incubated for 2 h at 25° C. 1 μl of the ligation mixture is transformed into electrocompetent E. coli XL1-Blue cells. The plasmid pBScyclo is isolated with the plasmid isolation kit from Qiagen.

The DNA insert of the plasmid pBScyclo is sequenced by the automated dideoxynucleotide method using an ABI Prism 377™ DNA sequencer from Perkin Elmer with the ABI Prism™ Sequencing Analysis Software from Applied Biosystems Divisions. It is identical with the DNA sequence of the database entry (gb AE000219). The DNA sequence of the vector construct pBScyclo is shown in FIG. 10.

EXAMPLE 6 Construction of a Vector Carrying the gcpE gene of Escherichia coli Capable for its Transcription and Expression

The E. coli ORF gcpE (accession no. gb AE000338) from base pair (bp) position 372 to 1204 is amplified by PCR using chromosomal E. coli DNA as template. The reaction mixture contains 10 pmol of the primer 5′-CGTACCGGATCCGAGGAGAAATTAACCATGCATAACCAGGCTCCAATTC-3′ (SEQ ID NO: 11), 10 pmol of the primer 5′-CCCATCGTCGACTTATTTTTCAACCTGCTGAACGTC-3′ (SEQ ID NO:12), 20 ng of chromosomal DNA, 2 U of Taq DNA polymerase (Eurogentec) and 20 nmol of dNTPs in a total volume of 100 μl containing 1.5 mM MgCl₂, 50 mM KCl, 10 mM Tris-hydrochloride, pH 8.8 and 0.1% (w/w) Triton X-100.

The mixture is denaturated for 3 min at 94° C. Then 30 PCR cycles for 60 sec at 94° C., 60 sec at 50° C. and 90 sec at 72° C. followed. After further incubation for 10 min at 72° C., the mixture is cooled to 4° C. An aliquot of 2 μl is subjected to agarose gel electrophoresis.

The PCR amplificate is purified with the PCR purification kit from Qiagen (Hilden).

2.0 μg of the vector pACYC184 (Chang and Cohen 1978, NEB) and 0.7 μg of the purified PCR product are digested with BamHI and SalI in order to produce DNA fragments with overlapping ends. The restriction mixtures are prepared according to the conditions supplied by the customer (NEB) and are incubated for 3 h at 37° C. Digested vector DNA and PCR product are purified using the PCR purification kit from Qiagen.

20 ng of the purified vector DNA and 20 ng of the purified PCR product are ligated together with 1 U of T4-Ligase (Gibco), 2 μl of T4-Ligase buffer (Gibco) in a total volume of 10 μl, yielding the plasmid pACYCgcpE. The ligation mixture is incubated for 2 h at 25° C. 1 μl of the ligation mixture is transformed into electrocompetent E. coli XL1-Blue cells. The plasmid pACYCgcpE is isolated with the plasmid isolation kit from Qiagen.

The DNA insert of the plasmid pACYCgcpE is sequenced by the automated dideoxynucleotide method using an ABI Prism 377™ DNA sequencer from Perkin Elmer with the ABI Prism™ Sequencing Analysis Software from Applied Biosystems Divisions. It is identical with the DNA sequence of the database entry (gb AE000338).

The DNA sequence of the vector construct pACYCgcpE is shown in FIG. 11.

EXAMPLE 7 Construction of Vectors Carrying a Carotenoid Operon from Erwinia uredovora Capable for the In Vivo Production of β-carotene

The open reading frames crtY, crtI and crtB of a carotenoid operon from Erwinia uredovora (accession no. gb D90087) from base pair (bp) position 2372 to 6005 is amplified by PCR using chromosomal E. uredovora DNA as template. The reaction mixture contains 10 pmol of the primer 5′-CATTGAGAAGCTTATGTGCACCG-3′ (SEQ ID NO:13), 10 Pmol of the primer 5′-CTCCGGGGTCGACATGGCGC-3′ (SEQ ID NO:14), 40 ng of chromosomal DNA of E. uredovora, 8 U of Taq DNA polymerase (Eurogentec), 20 nmol of dNTPs, Taq Extender (Stratagene) in a total volume of 100 μl 1× Taq Extender buffer (Stratagene).

The mixture is denaturated for 3 min at 94° C. Then 40 PCR cycles for 60 sec at 94° C., 60 sec at 50° C. and 300 sec at 72° C. followed. After further incubation for 20 min at 72° C., the mixture is cooled to 4° C. An aliquot of 2 μl is subjected to agarose gel electrophoresis.

The PCR amplificate is purified with the PCR purification kit from Qiagen (Hilden, Germany).

1.0 μg of the vector pBluescript SKII⁻ (Stratagene) and 2.0 μg of the purified PCR product are digested with HindIII and SalI in order to produce DNA fragments with overlapping ends. The restriction mixtures are prepared according to the conditions supplied by the customer (NEB) and are incubated for 3 h at 37° C. Digested vector DNA and PCR product are purified using the PCR purification kit from Qiagen.

20 ng of the purified vector DNA and 40 ng of the purified PCR product are ligated together with 1 U of T4-Ligase (Gibco), 2 μl of T4-Ligase buffer (Gibco) in a total volume of 10 μl, yielding the plasmid pBScaro34. The ligation mixture is incubated for 2 h at 25° C. 1 μl of the ligation mixture is transformed into electrocompetent E. coli XL1-Blue cells. The plasmid pBScaro34 is isolated with the plasmid isolation kit from Qiagen.

The DNA insert of the plasmid pBScaro34 is sequenced by the automated dideoxynucleotide method using an ABI Prism 377™ DNA sequencer from Perkin Elmer with the ABI Prism™ Sequencing Analysis Software from Applied Biosystems Divisions. It is identical with the DNA sequence of the database entry (gb D90087).

The E. uredovora ORF crtE (accession no. gb D90087) from base pair (bp) position 175 to 1148 is amplified by PCR using chromosomal E. coli DNA as template. The reaction mixture contains 10 pmol of the primer 5′-CCGCATCTTTCCAATTGCCG-3′ (SEQ ID NO:15), 10 pmol of the primer 5′-ATGCAGCAAGCTTAACTGACGGC-3′ (SEQ ID NO:16), 20 ng of chromosomal DNA, 2 U of Taq DNA polymerase (Eurogentec, Seraing, Belgium) and 20 nmol of dNTPs in a total volume of 100 μl containing 1.5 mM MgCl₂, 50 mM KCl, 10 mM Tris-hydrochloride, pH 8.8 and 0.1% (w/w) Triton X-100.

The mixture is denaturated for 3 min at 94° C. Then 30 PCR cycles for 45 sec at 94° C., 45 sec at 50° C. and 60 sec at 72° C. followed. After further incubation for 10 min at 72° C., the mixture is cooled to 4° C. An aliquot of 2 μl is subjected to agarose gel electrophoresis.

The PCR amplificate is purified with the PCR purification kit from Qiagen (Hilden, Germany).

1.5 μg of the vector pBScaro34 (see above) is digested with EcoRI and HindIII and 0.6 μg of the purified PCR product are digested with MfeI and HindIII in order to produce DNA fragments with overlapping ends. The restriction mixtures are prepared according to the conditions supplied by the customer (NEB) and are incubated for 3 h at 37° C. Digested vector DNA and PCR product are purified using the PCR purification kit from Qiagen.

20 ng of the purified vector DNA and 16 ng of the purified PCR product are ligated together with 1 U of T4-Ligase (Gibco), 2 μl of T4-Ligase buffer (Gibco) in a total volume of 10 μl, yielding the plasmid pBScaro14. The ligation mixture is incubated for 2 h at 25° C. 1 μl of the ligation mixture is transformed into electrocompetent E. coli XL1-Blue cells. The plasmid pBScaro14 is isolated with the plasmid isolation kit from Qiagen.

The DNA insert of the plasmid pBScaro14 is sequenced by the automated dideoxynucleotide method using an ABI Prism 377™ DNA sequencer from Perkin Elmer with the ABI Prism™ Sequencing Analysis Software from Applied Biosystems Divisions. It is identical with the DNA sequence of the database entry (gb D90087). The DNA sequence of the plasmid pBScaro14 is shown in FIG. 12.

5 μg of the vector pBScaro14 (see above) is digested with BamHI and SalI. The restriction mixture is prepared according to the conditions supplied by the customer (NEB) and are incubated for 3 h at 37° C. The restriction mixture is separated on a agarose gel and the fragments of 2237 and 2341 bp size are purified with the gel extraction kit from Qiagen.

3 μg of the vector pACYC184 (see above) is digested with BamHI and SalI. The restriction mixture is prepared according to the conditions supplied by the customer (NEB) and are incubated for 3 h at 37° C. The restriction mixture is separated on a agarose gel and the fragment of 3968 bp size is purified with the gel extraction kit from Qiagen.

30 ng of the purified vector DNA and each 25 ng of the purified 2237 and 2341 bp fragments are ligated together with 1 U of T4-Ligase (Gibco), 2 μl of T4-Ligase buffer (Gibco) in a total volume of 10 μl, yielding the plasmid pACYCcaro14. The ligation mixture is incubated for 2 h at 25° C. 1 μl of the ligation mixture is transformed into electrocompetent E. coli XL1-Blue cells. The plasmid pACYCcaro14 is isolated with the plasmid isolation kit from Qiagen.

The DNA insert of the plasmid pACYCcaro14 is sequenced by the automated dideoxynucleotide method using an ABI Prism 377™ DNA sequencer from Perkin Elmer with the ABI Prism™ Sequencing Analysis Software from Applied Biosystems Divisions. It is identical with the DNA sequence of the database entry (gb D90087). The DNA sequence of the plasmid pACYCcaro14 is shown in FIG. 13.

EXAMPLE 8 Enzymatic Preparation of [U-¹³C₅]1-deoxy-D-xylulose 5-phosphate

A reaction mixture containing 960 mg of [U-¹³C₆]glucose (5.1 mmol), 6.1 g of ATP (10.2 mmol), 337 mg of thiamine pyrophosphate, 1.14 g of [2,3-¹³C₂]pyruvate (10.2 mmol), 10 mM MgCl₂, 5 mM dithiothreitol in 150 mM Tris hydrochloride, pH 8.0 is prepared. 410 Units of triose phosphate isomerase (from rabbit muscle, Type III-S, E. C. 5.3.1.1., Sigma), 100 U hexokinase (from Bakers Yeast, Type VI, E. C. 2.7.1.1, Sigma), 100 U phosphoglucose isomerase (from Bakers Yeast, Type III, E. C. 5.3.1.9, Sigma), 100 U phosphofructokinase (from Bacillus stearothermophilus, Type VII, E. C. 2.7.1.11, Sigma), 50 U aldolase (from rabbit muscle, E. C. 4.1.2.13, Sigma) and 12 U of recombinant DXP synthase from B. subtilis are added to a final volume of 315 ml. The reaction mixture is incubated at 37° C. overnight and during incubation the pH is hold at a constant value of 8.0. The reaction is monitored by ¹³C NMR spectroscopy.

EXAMPLE 9 Enzymatic Preparation of [3,4,5-¹³C₃]1-deoxy-D-xylulose 5-phosphate

A solution containing 150 mM Tris hydrochloride, 10 mM MgCl₂, 1.0 g of [U-¹³C₆]glucose (5.4 mmol), 0.23 g (1.5 mmol) of dithiothreitol, 0.3 g (0.7 mmol) of thiamine pyrophosphate, 0.1 g (0.2 mmol) of ATP (disodium salt), and 2.2 g (11 mmol) of phosphoenol pyruvate (potassium salt) is adjusted to pH 8.0 by the addition of 8 M sodium hydroxide. 403 U (2.8 mg) of pyruvate kinase (from rabbit muscle, E. C. 2.7.1.40), 410 Units of triose phosphate isomerase (from rabbit muscle, Type III-S, E. C. 5.3.1.1., Sigma), 100 U hexokinase (from Bakers Yeast, Type VI, E. C. 2.7.1.1, Sigma), 100 U phosphoglucose isomerase (from Bakers Yeast, Type III, E. C. 5.3.1.9, Sigma), 100 U phosphofructokinase (from Bacillus stearothermophilus, Type VII, E. C. 2.7.1.11, Sigma), 50 U aldolase (from rabbit muscle, E. C. 4.1.2.13, Sigma) and 12 U recombinant DXP synthase from B. subtilis are added to a final volume of 300 ml. The reaction mixture is incubated at 37° C. for overnight.

EXAMPLE 10 Enzymatic Preparation of 1-deoxy-D-xylulose

The pH value of the reaction mixture obtained in example 8 or 9 is adjusted to 9.5. Magnesium chloride is added to a concentration of 30 mM. 50 mg (950 Units) of alkaline phosphatase from bovine intestinal mucosa (Sigma, E. C. 3.1.3.1) are added and the reaction mixture is incubated for 16 h. The conversion is monitored by ¹³C-NMR spectroscopy. The pH is adjusted to a value of 7.0 and the solution is centrifuged at 14,000 upm for 5 minutes. Starting from labelled glucose (examples 8 or 9) the overall yield of 1-deoxy-D-xylulose is approximately 50%. The supernatant or the lyophilised supernatant is used in incorporation experiments (see examples 11 to 17).

EXAMPLE 11 Incorporation Experiment with Recombinant Escherichia coli XL1-pBSxylB Using [3,4,5-¹³C₃]1-deoxy-D-xylulose

0.2 litre of Luria Bertani (LB) medium containing 36 mg of ampicillin are inoculated with 10 ml of an overnight culture of E. coli strain XL1-Blue harbouring the plasmid pBSxylB (see example 1). The cells are grown in a shaking culture at 37° C. At an optical density (600 nm) of 0.6 the culture is induced with 2 mM IPTG. Two hours after induction with IPTG, 50 ml (0.9 mmol) of crude [3,4,5-¹³C₃]1-deoxy-D-xylulose (pH 7.0) (see examples 9 and 10), are added. Aliquots of 25 ml are taken at time intervals of 30 minutes and centrifuged for 20 min at 5,000 rpm and 4° C. The cells are washed with water containing 0.9% NaCl and centrifuged as described above. The cells are suspended in 700 μl of 20 mM NaF in D₂O, cooled on ice and sonified 3×10 sec with a Branson Sonifier 250 (Branson SONIC Power Company) set to 90% duty cycle output, control value of 4. The suspension is centrifuged at 15,000 rpm for 15 min. ¹³C NMR spectra of the supernatant are recorded directly, without further purification, with a Bruker AVANCE DRX 500 spectrometer (Karlsruhe, Germany). The NMR analysis is based on published signal assignments (Wungsintaweekul et al., 2001).

30 min after the addition of [3,4,5-¹³C₃]1-deoxy-D-xylulose, the formation of [3,4,5-¹³C₃]1-deoxy-D-xylulose 5-phosphate can be observed. The maximum yield of [3,4,5-¹³C₃]1-deoxy-D-xylulose 5-phosphate is observed 3-5 h after addition of [3,4,5-¹³C₃]1-deoxy-D-xylulose to the medium. The ¹³C NMR signals reveal a mixture of [3,4,5-¹³C₃]1-deoxy-D-xylulose and [3,4,5-¹³C₃]1-deoxy-D-xylulose-5-phosphate at a molar ratio of approximately 1:9. The intracellular concentration of [3,4,5-¹³C₃]1-deoxy-D-xylulose 5-phosphate is estimated as 20 mM by quantitative NMR spectroscopy.

EXAMPLE 12 Incorporation Experiment with recombinant Escherichia coli XL1-pBSxylBdxr Using [U-¹³C₅]1-deoxy-D-xylulose

0.12 litre of Luria Bertani (LB) medium containing 22 mg of ampicillin are inoculated with 10 ml of an overnight culture of E. coli strain XL1-Blue harbouring plasmid pBSxylBdxr (see example 2). The cells are grown in a shaking culture at 37° C. At an optical density (600 nm) of 0.6 the culture is induced with 2 mM IPTG. Two hours after induction with IPTG, ca. 1.0 mmol of crude [U-¹³C₅]1-deoxy-D-xylulose (pH 7.0) (see examples 8 and 10) are added. Aliquots of 25 ml are taken in time intervals of 1 h and centrifuged for 20 min at 5,000 rpm and 4° C. The cells are washed with water containing 0.9% NaCl and centrifuged as described above. The cells are suspended in 700 μl of 20 mM NaF in D₂O, cooled on ice and sonified 3×10 sec with a Branson Sonifier 250 (Branson SONIC Power Company) set to 90% duty cycle output, control value of 4. The suspension is centrifuged at 15,000 rpm for 15 min. NMR spectra of the supernatant are recorded directly, without further purification, with a Bruker AVANCE DRX 500 spectrometer (Karlsruhe, Germany).

HMQC and HMQC-TOCSY experiments reveal ¹H-¹³C and ¹H-¹H spin systems (Table 1) of [U-¹³C₅]2C-methyl-D-erythritol 4-phosphate, [U-¹³C₅]2C-methyl-D-erythritol and [1,2,2′,3,4-¹³C₅]4-diphosphocytidyl-2C-methyl-D-erythritol at a molar ratio of approximately 6.6:7:1, respectively. The intracellular concentration of [U-¹³C₅]2C-methyl-D-erythritol 4-phosphate is estimated as 10 mM by quantitative NMR spectroscopy.

The NMR data summarized in Table 1 are identical with published NMR data of the authentic compounds (Takahashi et al., 1998; Rohdich et al., 1999).

TABLE 1 NMR data of ¹³C-labeled products in cell extracts of E. coli XL1-pBSxylBdxr after feeding of [U-¹³C₅]1-deoxy-D-xylulose Chemical shifts, ppm Position 1 1* 2 2-Methyl 3 4 4* [U-¹³C₅]2C-methyl-D-erythritol 4-phosphate ¹³C 66.1 n.d. 18.1 73.4 648 ¹H 3.25 3.36 0.93 3.56 3.62 3.81 [U-¹³C₅]2C-methyl-D-erythritol ¹³C 66.6 n.d. 18.0 74.6 616 ¹H 3.26 3.34 0.9 3.44 3.36 3.61 [1,2,2′,3,4-¹³C₅]4-diphosphocytidyl-2C-methyl-D-erythritol ¹³C 66.8 n.d. 18.0 73.0 667 ¹H 3.4 3.55 0.9 3.6 3.74 4

EXAMPLE 13 Incorporation Experiment with Recombinant Escherichia coli XL1-pBSxylBdxrispDF Using [3,4,5-¹³C₃]1-deoxy-D-xylulose

0.1 litre of Luria Bertani (LB) medium containing 18 mg of ampicillin are inoculated with 10 ml of an overnight culture of E. coli strain XL1-Blue harbouring the plasmid pBSxylBdxrispDF (see example 4). The cells are grown in a shaking culture at 37° C. At an optical density (600 nm) of 0.5, the culture is induced with 2 mM IPTG. Two hours after induction with IPTG, ca. 1.0 mmol of crude [3,4,5-¹³C₃]1-deoxy-D-xylulose (see examples 9 and 10) are added. After three hours, cells were harvested and centrifuged for 20 min at 5,000 rpm and 4° C. The cells are washed with water containing 0.9% NaCl and centrifuged as described above. The cells are suspended in 1.5 ml of 20 mM NaF in D₂O, cooled on ice and sonified 3×15 sec. with a Branson Sonifier 250 (Branson SONIC Power Company) set to 90% duty cycle output, control value of 4. The suspension is centrifuged at 15,000 rpm for 15 min. NMR spectra of the supernatant are recorded directly, without further purification, with a Bruker AVANCE DRX 500 spectrometer (Karlsruhe, Germany).

HMQC and HMQC-TOCSY experiments reveal ¹H-¹³C and ¹H-¹H spin systems of [1,3,4-¹³C₃]2C-methyl-D-erythritol 4-phosphate, [1,3,4-¹³C₃]2C-methyl-D-erythritol and [1,3,4-¹³C₅]4-diphosphocytidyl-2C-methyl-D-erythritol (Table 1). The molar ratios of [1,3,4-¹³C₃]2C-methyl-D-erythritol 4-phosphate, [1,3,4-¹³C₃]2C-methyl-D-erythritol and [1,3,4-¹³C₅]4-diphosphocytidyl-2C-methyl-D-erythritol are 1:0.6:0.9, respectively.

This result indicates that the intracellular amount of CTP required for the synthesis of 4-diphosphocytidyl-2C-methyl-D-erythritol is limiting. Therefore, a modified fermentation protocol was developed (see example 14).

EXAMPLE 14 Incorporation Experiment with Recombinant Escherichia coli XL1-pBSxylBdxrispDF Using [3,4,5-¹³C₃]1-deoxy-D-xylulose

0.1 litre of Luria Bertani (LB) medium containing 18 mg of ampicillin are inoculated with 10 ml of an overnight culture of E. coli strain XL1-Blue harbouring plasmid pBSxylBispDF (see example 4). The cells are grown in a shaking culture at 37° C. At an optical density (600 nm) of 0.5, the culture is induced with 2 mM IPTG. Two hours after induction with IPTG, 10 mg (0.041 mmol) of cytidine and 5 ml of 1 M NaKHPO₄, pH 7.2, and ca. 1 mmol of crude [3,4,5-¹³C₃]1-deoxy-D-xylulose (see examples 9 and 10) are added. After three hours, the cells are harvested and centrifuged for 20 min at 5,000 rpm and 4° C. The cells are washed with water containing 0.9% NaCl and centrifuged as described above. The cells are suspended in 700 μl of 20 mM NaF in D₂O, cooled on ice and sonified 3×10 sec with a Branson Sonifier 250 (Branson SONIC Power Company) set to 90% duty cycle output, control value of 4. The suspension is centrifuged at 15,000 rpm for 15 min. NMR spectra of the supernatant are recorded directly, without further purification, with a Bruker AVANCE DRX 500 spectrometer. HMQC and HMQC-TOCSY experiments reveal ¹H-¹³C and ¹H-¹H spin systems (Table 1) of [1,3,4-¹³C₃]2C-methyl-D-erythritol 4-phosphate, [1,3,4-¹³C₃]2C-methyl-D-erythritol and [1,3,4-¹³C₃]4-diphosphocytidyl-2C-methyl-D-erythritol at a molar ratio of approximately 1:3.4:4.2, respectively. The relative amount of [1,3,4-¹³C₃]4-diphosphocytidyl-2C-methyl-D-erythritol is increased by a factor of 2 as compared to the relative amount in example 13. The intracellular concentration of [1,3,4-¹³C₃]4-diphosphocytidyl-2C-methyl-D-erythritol is estimated as 10 mM by quantitative NMR spectroscopy. The relative high amount of 2C-methyl-D-erythritol indicates that unspecific phosphatases convert intermediary formed 2C-methyl-D-erythritol 4-phosphate into 2C-methyl-D-erythritol. Therefore, a modified fermentation protocol was developed to supply the cells with sufficient amounts of organic phosphates and in order to suppress the activity of phosphatases (see examples 15 to 17).

EXAMPLE 15 Incorporation Experiment with Recombinant Escherichia coli XL1-pBScyclo Using [U-¹³C₅]1-deoxy-D-xylulose

0.2 litre of Luria Bertani (LB) medium containing 36 mg of ampicillin are inoculated with 10 ml of an overnight culture of E. coli strain. XL1-Blue harbouring the plasmid pBScyclo (see example 5). The cells are grown in a shaking culture at 37° C. At an optical density (600 nm) of 1.3, the culture is induced with 2 mM IPTG. Two hours after induction with IPTG, 30 mg (0.12 mmol) of cytidine, 300 mg (0.95 mmol) of DL-α-glycerol 3-phosphate and 10 ml of 1 M NaKHPO₄, pH 7.2, are added. After 30 min, ca. 1 mmol of [U-¹³C₅]1-deoxy-D-xylulose (see example 8 and 10) are added. Aliquots of 25 ml are taken at time intervals of 1 h and centrifuged for 20 min at 5,000 rpm and 4° C. The cells are washed with water containing 0.9% NaCl and centrifuged as described above. The cells are suspended in 700 μl of 20 mM NaF in D₂O, cooled on ice and sonified 3×10 sec with a Branson Sonifier 250 (Branson SONIC Power Company) set to 90% duty cycle output, control value of 4. The suspension is centrifuged at 15,000 rpm for 15 min. NMR spectra of the cell free extract are recorded directly, without further purification, with a Bruker AVANCE DRX 500 spectrometer (Karlsruhe, Germany). ¹³C NMR spectra, as well as HMQC and HMQC-TOCSY spectra established [U-¹³C₅]2C-methyl-D-erythritol 2,4-cyclodiphosphate (Herz et al., 2000) as the only product. Formation of [U-¹³C₅]2C-methyl-D-erythritol 2,4-cyclodiphosphate can be observed 30 min after addition of [U-¹³C₅]1-deoxy-D-xylulose, whereas the maximum yield is observed 5 h after addition of [U-¹³C₅]1-deoxy-D-xylulose. The intracellular concentration of [U-¹³C5]2C-methyl-D-erythritol 2,4-cyclodiphosphate is estimated as 20 mM by quantitative NMR spectroscopy. The formation of any other isotope-labelled products, such as [U-¹³C₅]2C-methyl-erythritol is completely suppressed.

EXAMPLE 16 Incorporation Experiment with Recombinant Escherichia coli XL1-pBScyclo-pACYCgcpE Using [2-¹⁴C]- and [U-¹³C₅]1-deoxy-D-xylulose

0.2 litre of Terrific Broth (TB) medium containing 36 mg of ampicillin and 2.5 mg of chloramphenicol are inoculated with the E. coli strain XL1-Blue harbouring the plasmids pBScyclo and pACYCgcpE (see example 5 to 6). The cells are grown in a shaking culture at 37° C. overnight. At an optical density (600 nm) of 4.8 to 5.0, 30 mg (0.1 mmol) of cytidine, 300 mg (0.94 mmol) of DL-α-glycerol 3-phosphate and 10 ml of 1 M NaKHPO₄, pH 7.2, are added. After 30 minutes, a mixture of 2.6 μmol [2-¹⁴C]1-deoxy-D-xylulose (15 μCi μmol⁻¹) (Wungsintaweekul et al., 2001) and 1 ml of crude [U-¹³C₅]1-deoxy-D-xylulose (0.02 mmol) (see examples 8 and 10) are added. After 1.5 h, cells are harvested and centrifuged for 10 min at 5,000 rpm and 4° C. The cells are washed with water containing 0.9% NaCl and centrifuged as described above. The cells are suspended in a mixture of 20 mM NaF (2 ml) and methanol (2 ml), cooled on ice and sonified 3×15 sec with a Branson Sonifier 250 (Branson SONIC Power Company) set to 90% duty cycle output, control value of 4. The suspension is centrifuged at 15,000 rpm for 15 min. The radioactivity of the supernatant is measured by scintillation counting (Beckmann, LS 7800). 10% of the radioactivity initially added as ¹⁴C labelled 1-deoxy-D-xylulose is detected in the supernatant. Aliquots are analysed by TLC and HPLC, as described in example 19, and the products are purified as described in example 20.

On basis of these data, 1-hydroxy-2-methyl-2-butenyl 4-diphosphate and 2-C-methyl-D-erythritol 2,4-cyclodiphosphate were identified as products at a molar ratio of 7:3 (see also examples 17 and 18).

EXAMPLE 17 Incorporation Experiment with Recombinant Escherichia coli XL1-pBScyclo-pACYCgcpE Using [U-¹³C₅]- or [3,4,5-¹³C3]1-deoxy-D-xylulose

0.2 litre of Terrific Broth (TB) medium containing 36 mg of ampicillin and 2.5 mg of chloramphenicol are inoculated with the E. coli strain XL1-Blue harbouring the plasmids pBScyclo and pACYCgcpE. The cells are grown in a shaking culture at 37° C. for overnight. At an optical density (600 nm) of 4.8-5.0, 30 mg (0.1 mmol) of cytidine, 300 mg (0.93 mmol) of DL-α-glycerol 3-phosphate and 10 ml of 1 M NaKHPO₄, pH 7.2, are added. After 30 minutes, 3 ml of crude [3,4,5-¹³C₃]- or [U-¹³C₅]1-deoxy-D-xylulose (0.05 mmol) (see examples 8, 9, and 10) are added. Aliquots of 25 ml are taken at time intervals of 1 h and centrifuged for 20 min at 5,000 rpm and 4° C. The cells are washed with water containing 0.9% NaCl and centrifuged as described above. The cells are suspended in 700 μl of 20 mM NaF in D₂O or in 700 μl of a mixture of methanol and D₂O (6:4; v/v) containing 10 mM NaF, cooled on ice and sonified 3×10 sec with a Branson Sonifier 250 (Branson SONIC Power Company) set to 90% duty cycle output, control value of 4 output. The suspension is centrifuged at 15,000 rpm for 15 min. NMR spectra of the cell free extracts are recorded directly with a Bruker AVANCE DRX 500 spectrometer (Karlsruhe, Germany). In order to avoid degradation during work-up, the structures of the products are determined by NMR spectroscopy without further purification (see example 18).

EXAMPLE 18 Structure Determination of 1-hydroxy-2-methyl-2-butenyl 4-diphosphate

The ¹H-decoupled ¹³C NMR spectrum using [U-¹³C₅]1-deoxy-D-xylulose as starting material displays 5 ¹³C-¹³C coupled signals belonging to 2C-methyl-D-erythritol 2,4-cyclodiphosphate (Herz et al., 2000) and 5 ¹³C-¹³C coupled signals at 14.7, 64.5, 68.6, 122.7 and 139.5 ppm (Table 2) belonging to an unknown metabolite. The chemical shifts of the unknown metabolite suggest a double bond motif (signals at 122.7 and 139.5 ppm), a methyl group (signal at 14.7 ppm), and two carbon atoms (signals at 64.5 and 68.6 ppm) connected to OR (R=unknown). The three signals accounting for carbon atoms with sp³ hybridisation (14.7, 64.5 and 68.5 ppm) show ¹³C-¹³C coupling to one adjacent ¹³C atom with coupling constants of 40-50 Hz (Table 2). The signal at 122.7 ppm shows ¹³C couplings to two adjacent ¹³C neighbours (coupling constants, 74 and 50 Hz), whereas the signal at 141.5 ppm shows ¹³C couplings to three neighboured ¹³C atoms (coupling constants, 74, 43 and 43 Hz). In conjunction with the chemical shift topology, this coupling signature is indicative for a 2-methyl-2-butenyl skeleton.

HMQC and HMQC-TOCSY experiments reveal the ¹H NMR chemical shifts (Table 2), as well as ¹³C-¹H and ¹H-¹H spin systems (Table 3). More specifically, the ¹³C NMR signal at 122.7 ppm correlates to a ¹H NMR signal at 5.6 ppm which is in the typical chemical shift range for H-atoms attached to CC double bonds, whereas the signal at 139.5 ppm gives no ¹³C-¹H correlations. The signals at 64.5 and 68.6 ppm give ¹³C-¹H correlations to ¹H-signals at 4.5 and 3.9 ppm, respectively. The methyl signal at 14.7 ppm correlates to a proton signal at 1.5 ppm. In connection with ¹³C-¹³C coupling patterns (Table 2), as well as with ¹H-¹³C long range correlations (HMBC experiment, Table 3), these data establish a 1,4-dihydroxy-2-methyl-2-butenyl system.

Starting from [3,4,5-¹³C₃]1-deoxy-D-xylulose as feeding material three signals at 64.5, 68.6 and 122.7 ppm accounting for atoms 4, 1 and 3, respectively, of the new product are observed. It can be concluded that the carbon atoms at 1, 3 and 4 of the new product are biogenetically equivalent to the carbon atoms 3, 4 and 5 of [3,4,5-¹³C₃]1-deoxy-D-xylulose 5-phosphate. This coupling topology is similar to the coupling pattern of 2C-methyl-D-erythritol 4-phosphate (see example 13) confirming that the new compound is derived via 2C-methyl-D-erythritol 4-phosphate.

The C-4 and C-3 ¹³C NMR signals at 64.5 and 122.7 ppm show ¹³C-³¹P coupling of 5.5 and 8.0 Hz, respectively. These couplings indicate the presence of a phosphate or pyrophosphate group at position 4 of the 2-methyl-2-butenyl skeleton.

In line with this observation, the ¹H-decoupled ³¹P NMR spectrum of the product displays a doublet at −9.2 (³¹P-³¹P coupling constant, 20.9 Hz) and a double-double-doublet at −10.6 ppm (³¹P-¹³C coupling constants, 5.8 and 7.4 Hz, ³¹P-³¹P coupling constant, 20.9 Hz). Without ¹H-decoupling, the ³¹P NMR signal at −10.6 ppm is broadened whereas the signal at −9.2 ppm is not affected by ¹H coupling. The chemical shifts as well as the observed coupling pattern confirm the presence of a free diphosphate moiety at position 4.

In summary, all these data establish the structure as 1-hydroxy-2-methyl-2-butenyl 4-diphosphate.

TABLE 2 NMR data of 1-hydroxy-2-methyl-2-butenyl 4-diphosphate Chemical shifts, ppm Coupling constants, Hz Position 1H^(a) ¹³C^(b) ³¹P^(c) J_(PC) J_(PP) J_(CC) 1 3.91 68.6^(d,e) 43.0^(e), 5.5^(d), 3.5^(d) 2 139.5^(d,e) 74.3^(e), 43.3^(e), 43.3^(e) 2- 1.51 14.7^(e) 42.2^(e), 4.0^(e), 4.0^(e) Methyl 3 5.57 122.7^(e) 8.0^(d) 73.9^(e), 49.8^(d), 4.0^(d) 4 4.46 64.5^(d,e) 5.5^(d) 49.3^(d), 5.5^(d) P_(b) −9.2 20.9 P_(a) −10.6 5.8^(d), 7.4^(d) 20.9 ^(a)referenced to external trimethylsilylpropane sulfonate. ^(b)referenced to external trimethylsilylpropane sulfonate. ^(c)referenced to external 85% orthophosphoric acid. ^(d)observed with [1,3,4-¹³C₃]1-hydroxy-2-methyl-2-butenyl 4-diphosphate ^(e)observed with [U-¹³C₅]1-hydroxy-2-methyl-2-butenyl 4-diphosphate

TABLE 3 Correlation pattern of [1,3,4-¹³C₃]1-hydroxy-2-methyl-2-butenyl 4- diphosphate and of [U-¹³C₅]1-hydroxy-2-methyl-2-butenyl 4-diphosphate NMR Correlation pattern Position HMQC HMQC-TOCSY HMBC 1 1^(a,b) 1^(a,b) 2-methyl^(a), 2^(a) 2 2-methyl 2-methyl^(b) 2-methyl^(b) 3 3^(a,b) 3^(a,b), 4^(a,b) 2-methyl^(a), 1^(a) 4 4^(a,b) 4^(a,b), 3^(a,b) ^(a)observed with [1,3,4-¹³C₃]1-hydroxy-2-methyl-2-butenyl 4-diphosphate ^(b)observed with [U-¹³C₅]1-hydroxy-2-methyl-2-butenyl 4-diphosphate

EXAMPLE 19 Detection of Phosphorylated Metabolites of the Mevalonate-Independent Pathway

Method A) By a TLC Method

Aliquots (10 μl) of the cell-free extracts from recombinant cells prepared as described above (see example 16) are spotted on a Polygram® SIL NH—R thin layer plate (Macherey-Nagel, Düren, Germany). The TLC plate is then developed in a solvent system of n-propanol: ethyl acetate: water; 6:1:3 (v/v/v). The running time is about 4 h. The radio chromatogram is monitored and evaluated by a Phosphor Imager (Storm 860, Molecular Dynamics, USA). The R_(f)-values of the compounds under study are shown in Table 4.

TABLE 4 R_(f)-values of precursors and intermediates of the mevalonate-independent terpenoid pathway Chemical compound R_(f)-value 1-deoxy-D-xylulose 0.80 1-deoxy-D-xylulose 5-phosphate 0.5 2C-methyl-D-erythritol 4-phosphate 0.42 4-diphosphocytidyl-2C-methyl-D-erythritol 0.33 4-diphosphocytidyl-2C-methyl-D-erythritol 2-phosphate 0.27 2C-methyl-D-erythritol 2,4-cyclodiphosphate 0.47 1-hydroxy-2-methyl-2-butenyl 4-diphosphate 0.17

Method B) By a HPLC Method

Aliquots (100 μl) of the cell-free extracts from recombinant cells prepared as described above (see example 16), are analyzed by HPLC using a column of Multospher 120 RP 18-AQ-5 (4.6×250 mm, particle size 5 μm, CS-Chromatographic Service GmbH, Langerwehe, Germany) that has been equilibrated for 15 min with 10 mM tetrabutylammonium hydrogensulfate (TBAS), pH 6.0, at a flow rate of 0.75 ml min⁻¹. After injection of the sample, the column is developed for 20 min with 10 mM TBAS, then for 60 min with a linear gradient of 0-42% (v/v) methanol in 10 mM TBAS. The effluent is monitored by a continuous-flow radio detector (Beta-RAM, Biostep GmbH, Jahnsdorf, Germany). The retention volumes of the compounds under study are shown in Table 5.

TABLE 5 Retention volumes of precursors and intermediates of the mevalonate- independent terpenoid pathway Retention volume Chemical compound [ml] 1-deoxy-D-xylulose 6.0 1-deoxy-D-xylulose 5-phosphate 15 2C-methyl-D-erythritol 4-phosphate 13.5 4-diphosphocytidyl-2C-methyl-D-erythritol 30.8 4-diphosphocytidyl-2C-methyl-D-erythritol 2-phosphate 41.3 2C-methyl-D-erythritol 2,4-cyclodiphosphate 31.5 1-hydroxy-2-methyl-2-butenyl 4-diphosphate 42.8

EXAMPLE 20 Purification of 1-hydroxy-2-methyl-2-butenyl 4-diphosphate

The crude cell free extract obtained from the feeding experiment with recombinant Escherichia coli XL1-pBScyclo-pACYCgcpE using [2-¹⁴C]- and [U-¹³C₅]1-deoxy-D-xylulose (see example 16) is lyophilized. The residue is dissolved in 600 μl of water and centrifuged for 10 min at 14,000 ppm. Aliquots of 90 μl are applied on a column of Nucleosil 10 SB (4.6×250 mm, Macherey & Nagel, Düren, Germany) which is developed with a linear gradient of 0.1-0.25 M ammonium formate in 70 ml at a flow rate of 2 ml min⁻¹. The retention volumes for 2C-methyl-D-erythritol-2,4-cyclodiphosphate and 1-hydroxy-2-methyl-2-butenyl 4-diphosphate are 25 and 44 ml, respectively. Fractions are collected and lyophilized. NMR data of 1-hydroxy-2-methyl-2-butenyl 4-diphosphate are identical with the data shown in example 18, Table 2.

EXAMPLE 21 Construction of a Vector Carrying the xylB, dxr, ispD, ispE, ispF and ispG Genes of Escherichia coli Capable for Transcription and Expression of D-xylulokinase, DXP Reductoisomerase, CDP-ME Synthase, CDP-ME Kinase cMEPP Synthase and 1-hydroxy-2-methyl-2-butenyl 4-diphosphate Synthase

The E. coli ORF ispG (accession no. gb AE000338) from base pair (bp) position 372 to 1204 is amplified by PCR using chromosomal E. coli DNA as template. The reaction mixture contains 10 μmol of the primer 5′-GCGGGAGACCGCGGGAGGAGAAATTAACCATGCATAACCAGGCTCCAATTCG-3′ (SEQ ID NO:17), 10 pmol of the primer 5′-CGCTTCCCAGCGGCCGCTTATTTTTCAACCTGCTGAACG-3′ (SEQ ID NO:18), 20 ng of chromosomal DNA, 2 U of Taq DNA polymerase (Eurogentec) and 20 nmol of dNTPs in a total volume of 100 μl containing 1.5 mM MgCl₂, 50 mM KCl, 10 mM Tris-hydrochloride, pH 8.8 and 0.1% (w/w) Triton X-100.

The mixture is denaturated for 3 min at 94° C. Then 30 PCR cycles for 60 sec at 94° C., 60 sec at 50° C. and 90 sec at 72° C. followed. After further incubation for 10 min at 72° C., the mixture is cooled to 4° C. An aliquot of 2 μl is subjected to agarose gel electrophoresis.

The PCR amplificate is purified with the PCR purification kit from Qiagen (Hilden).

1.4 μg of the vector pBScyclo (Example 5) and 0.8 μg of the purified PCR product are digested with SacII and NotI in order to produce DNA fragments with overlapping ends. The restriction mixtures are prepared according to the conditions supplied by the customer (NEB) and are incubated for 3 h at 37° C. Digested vector DNA and PCR product are purified using the PCR purification kit from Qiagen.

20 ng of the purified vector DNA and 18 ng of the purified PCR product are ligated together with 1 U of T4-Ligase (Gibco), 2 μl of T4-Ligase buffer (Gibco) in a total volume of 10 μl, yielding the plasmid pBScyclogcpE. The ligation mixture is incubated for 2 h at 25° C. 1 μl of the ligation mixture is transformed into electrocompetent E. coli XL1-Blue cells. The plasmid pBScyclogcpE is isolated with the plasmid isolation kit from Qiagen.

The DNA insert of the plasmid pBScyclogcpE is sequenced by the automated dideoxynucleotide method using an ABI Prism 377™ DNA sequencer from Perkin Elmer with the ABI Prism™ Sequencing Analysis Software from Applied Biosystems Divisions. It is identical with the DNA sequence of the database entry (gb AE000338). The DNA sequence of the vector construct pBScyclogcpE is shown in FIG. 15.

EXAMPLE 22 Construction of a Vector Carrying the xylB, dxr, ispD, ispE, ispF, ispG and lytB Genes of Escherichia coli Capable for Transcription and Expression of D-xylulokinase, DXP Reductoisomerase, CDP-ME Synthase, CDP-ME Kinase, cMEPP Synthase, 1-hydroxy-2-methyl-2-butenyl 4-diphosphate Synthase and LytB

The E. coli ORF lytB (accession no. gb AE005179) from base pair (bp) position 7504 to 8454 is amplified by PCR using chromosomal E. coli DNA as template. The reaction mixture contains 10 pmol of the primer 5′-AAATCGGAGCTCGAGGAGAAATTAACCATGCAGATCCTGTTGGCC-3′ (SEQ ID NO:19), 10 pmol of the primer 5′-GCTGCTCCGCGGTTAATCGACTTCACGAATATCG-3′ (SEQ ID NO:20), 20 ng of chromosomal DNA, 2. U of Taq DNA polymerase (Eurogentec) and 20 nmol of dNTPs in a total volume of 100 μl containing 1.5 mM MgCl₂, 50 mM KCl, 10 mM Tris-hydrochloride, pH 8.8 and 0.1% (w/w) Triton X-100.

The mixture is denaturated for 3 min at 94° C. Then 30 PCR cycles for 45 sec at 94° C., 45 sec at 50° C. and 60 sec at 72° C. followed. After further incubation for 10 min at 72° C., the mixture is cooled to 4° C. An aliquot of 2 μl is subjected to agarose gel electrophoresis.

The PCR amplificate is purified with the PCR purification kit from Qiagen (Hilden).

1.3 μg of the vector pBScyclogcpE (Example 21) and 0.7 μg of the purified PCR product are digested with SacI and SacII in order to produce DNA fragments with overlapping ends. The restriction mixtures are prepared according to the conditions supplied by the customer (NEB) and are incubated for 3 h at 37° C. Digested vector DNA and PCR product are purified using the PCR purification kit from Qiagen.

20 ng of the purified vector DNA and 16 ng of the purified PCR product are ligated together with 1 U of T4-Ligase (Gibco), 2 μl of T4-Ligase buffer (Gibco) in a total volume of 10 μl, yielding the plasmid pBScyclogcpElytB. The ligation mixture is incubated for 2 h at 25° C. 1 μl of the ligation mixture is transformed into electrocompetent E. coli XL1-Blue cells. The plasmid pBScyclogcpElytB is isolated with the plasmid isolation kit from Qiagen.

The DNA insert of the plasmid pBScyclogcpElytB is sequenced by the automated dideoxynucleotide method using an ABI Prism 377™ DNA sequencer from Perkin Elmer with the ABI Prism™ Sequencing Analysis Software from Applied Biosystems Divisions. It is identical with the DNA sequence of the database entry (gb AE005179).

EXAMPLE 23 Incorporation Experiment with Recombinant Escherichia coli XL1-pBScyclogcpE Using [U-¹³C₅]1-deoxy-D-xylulose

0.1 litre of Terrific Broth (TB) medium containing 18 mg of ampicillin are inoculated with E. coli strain Xl1-Blue harbouring the plasmid pBScyclogcpE. The cells are grown in a shaking culture at 37° C. overnight. At an optical density (600 nm) of 4.8-5.0, 30 mg (0.1 mmol) of cytidine are added. A solution containing 1.2 g of lithium lactate (12.5 mmol), 6 ml of crude [U-¹³C₅]1-deoxy-D-xylulose (0.05 mmol) (see examples 8, 9 and 10) in 0.1 M Tris hydrochloride (pH=7.5) at a final volume of 30 ml are added continuously within 2 hours. Aliquots of 25 ml are taken at time intervals of 1 h and centrifuged for 20 min at 5,000 rpm and 4° C. The cells are washed with water containing 0.9% NaCl and centrifuged as described above. The cells are suspended in 700 μl of 20 mM NaF in D₂O or in 700 μl of a mixture of methanol and D₂O (6:4, v/v) containing 10 mM NaF, cooled on ice and sonified 3×10 sec with a Branson Sonifier 250 (Branson SONIC Power Company) set to 90% duty cycle output, control value of 4 output. The suspension is centrifuged at 15,000 rpm for 15 min. NMR spectra of the cell free extracts are recorded directly with a Bruker AVANCE DRX 500 spectrometer (Karlsruhe, Germany). In order to avoid degradation during work-up, the structures of the products are determined by NMR spectroscopy without further purification.

The relative amount of 1-hydroxy-2-methyl-2-butenyl 4-diphosphate to 2C-methyl-D-erythritol 2,4-cyclodiphosphate could be raised by a factor of approximately 2-3 by the addition of lithium lactate to the medium.

EXAMPLE 24 Preparation of (E)-1-hydroxy-2-methyl-2-butenyl diphosphate triammonium salt (8)

General. Chemicals are obtained from Acros Organics (Fisher Scientific GmbH, Schwerte, Germany), SIGMA-ALDRICH (Deisenhofen, Germany), MERCK (Darmstadt, Germany) and used without further purification. Solvents are used distilled and/or dried. Chromatography is performed on silica gel 60 (230-400 mesh, Fluka Riedel-de Haen, Taufkirchen, Germany), DOWEX 50 WX8 (200-400 mesh, SERVA, Heidelberg, Germany), and Cellulose (Avicel, Cellulose mikrokristallin, Merck, Darmstadt, Germany). TLC is performed on silica gel 60 F₂₅₄ plastic sheets (MERCK) or cellulose F plastic sheets (MERCK), detection by anisaldeyde solution (anisaldehyde:H₂SO₄:HAc 0.5:1:50 v/v/v). NMR-spectra are recorded on BRUKER AMX 400, DRX 500, and AC 250 spectrometer at room temperature.

Acetonyl tetrahydropyranyl ether (12) (Hagiwara et al., 1984).

A mixture of 339 mg (1.35 mmol) of pyridinium-toluene-4-sulfonate, 9.35 ml (10.0 g, 0.135 mol) of hydroxyacetone, and 24.7 ml (22.7 g, 0.270 mol) of 3,4-dihydro-2H-pyran is stirred at room temperature for 2.5 h. Residual 3,4-dihydro-2H-pyran is removed under reduced pressure. The crude mixture is purified by FC on silicagel (hexanes/acetone 4:1, 6.5×20 cm) to yield 18.7 g (0.118 mol, 88%) of a colorless liquid.

¹H NMR (CDCl₃, 500 MHz) δ 4.62 (t, J=3.6 Hz, 1H), 4.22 (d, J=17.3 Hz, 1H), 4.09 (d, J=17.3 Hz, 1H), 3.83-3.79 (m, 1H), 3.51-3.47 (m, 1H), 2.15 (s, 3H), 1.87-1.49 (m, 6H); ¹³C NMR (CDCl₃, 126 MHz) δ 206.7, 98.7, 72.3, 62.3, 30.2, 26.5, 25.2, 19.2;

MS (Cl, isobutane) m/z 159 [M+1]⁺.

(E,Z)-Ethyl-2-methyl-1-tetrahydropyranyloxy-but-2-enoate (13) (Watanabe et al., 1996).

33.0 g (94.8 mmol) of (ethoxycarbonylmethylen)-triphenylphosphorane are dissolved in 500 ml of dry toluene under nitrogen atmosphere at room temperature. Then, 10.0 g (63.2 mmol) of acetonyl tetrahydropyranyl ether 12 are added and the mixture is heated to reflux. After 39 h at this temperature the solvent is evaporated under reduced pressure to yield an orange oil. Major amounts of triphenylphosphinoxide are precipitated by the addition of 100 ml hexanes/acetone 9:1. After filtration the filtrate is concentrated and another 100 ml of hexanes/acetone 9:1 are added. The solid is filtered off and the solvent removed to yield 18 g of an orange oil that is purified by FC on silicagel (hexanes/acetone 9:1, 6.5×28 cm) to yield 12.9 g (56.5 mmol, 89%) of a mixture of (E)-13/(Z)-13=5:1.

(E)-(13). ¹H NMR (CDCl₃, 500 MHz) δ 5.96 (q, J=1.4 Hz, 1H), 4.62 (t, J=3.5 Hz, 1H), 4.20 (dd, J=15.5 Hz, 1.3 Hz, 1H), 4.14 (q, J=7.1 Hz, 2H), 3.93 (dd, J=15.6, 1.3 Hz, 1H), 3.84-3.79 (m, 1H), 3.52-3.48 (m, 1H), 2.08 (d, J=1.4 Hz, 3H), 1.88-1.50 (m, 6H), 1.26 (t, J=7.1 Hz, 3H); ¹³C NMR (CDCl₃, 126 MHz) δ 166.8, 154.7, 114.5, 98.0, 70.6, 62.0, 59.7, 30.3, 25.3, 19.1, 15.9, 14.3; MS (Cl, isobutane) m/z 229 [M+1]⁺.

(Z)-(13). ¹H NMR (CDCl₃, 500 MHz) δ 5.71 (q, J=1.4 Hz, 1H), 4.60 (t, J=3.6 Hz, 1H), 4.20 (dd, J=15.5 Hz, 1.3 Hz, 1H), 4.11 (q, J=7.1 Hz, 2H), 3.93 (dd, J=15.6, 1.3 Hz, 1H), 3.84-3.79 (m, 1H), 3.52-3.48 (m, 1H), 1.97 (d, J=1.4 Hz, 3H), 1.88-1.50 (m, 6H), 1.24 (t, J=7.1 Hz, 3H); ¹³C NMR (CDCl₃, 126 MHz) δ 165.9, 156.8, 116.9, 98.7, 66.5, 62.3, 59.8, 30.6, 25.3, 21.9, 19.5, 14.3; MS (Cl, isobutane) m/z 229 [M+1]⁺.

(E,Z)-2-Methyl 1-tetrahydropyranyloxy-but-2-ene-4-ol (14) (Watanabe et al., 1996).

A solution of ester 13 (8.73 g, 38.2 mmol) in 100 ml of dry CH₂Cl₂ is cooled to −78° C. Then, 91.8 ml (91.8 mmol) of 1.0 M DIBAH in hexanes are added slowly under an atmosphere of nitrogen. The resulting solution is stirred for 3 h at −78° C. before the reaction is quenched by the addition of 1.5 ml of 1 M NaOH. After warming to room temperature the solvent is removed under reduced pressure. The resulting gummy residue is widely dissolved by adding twice 100 ml of MeOH. The resulting mixture is passed through a column of SiO₂, evaporated from the solvent and then loaded on a column of SiO₂/Na₂SO₄ that is purged with 1400 ml of MeOH. Evaporation of the solvent gives 9.5 g of a colorless liquid that is purified by FC on silica gel (hexanes/acetone 1:3, 6.5×16 cm) to yield 6.98 g (37.4 mmol, 98%) of a colorless liquid (E)-14/(Z)-14=6:1.

(E)-(14). ¹H NMR (CDCl₃, 500 MHz) δ 5.68 (tq, J=6.6, 1.3 Hz, 1H), 4.60 (t, J=3.6 Hz, 1H), 4.20 (d, J=6.8 Hz, 2H), 4.12 (d, J=12.0 Hz, 1H), 3.87-3.82 (m, 1H), 3.85 (d, J=12.5 Hz, 1H), 3.52-3.48 (m, 1H), 1.86-1.48 (m, 6H), 1.69 (s, 3H); ¹³C NMR (CDCl₃, 126 MHz) δ 135.7, 125.4, 97.8, 71.9, 62.1, 59.1, 30.5, 25.4, 19.4, 14.1; MS (Cl, isobutane) m/z 169 [M-H₂O+1]⁺.

(Z)-(14). ¹H NMR (CDCl₃, 500 MHz) δ 5.64 (tq, J=6.6, 1.3 Hz, 1H), 4.63 (t, J=3.3 Hz, 1H), 4.20 (d, J=6.8 Hz, 2H), 4.15 (d, J=11.8 Hz, 1H), 3.87-3.82 (m, 1H), 3.83 (d, J=11.3 Hz, 1H), 3.52-3.48 (m, 1H), 1.86-1.48 (m, 6H), 1.79 (s, 3H); ¹³C NMR (CDCl₃, 126 MHz) δ 136.2, 128.6, 96.6, 65.1, 61.8, 58.1, 30.3, 25.3, 21.9, 19.0; MS (Cl, isobutane) m/z 169 [M-H₂O+1]⁺.

(E,Z)-4-Chloro-2-methyl 1-tetrahydropyranyloxy-but-2-en (15) (Hwang et al., 1984).

To a solution of alcohol 14 (1.00 g, 5.37 mmol) in 10 ml of dry CH₂Cl₂ are added 918 mg (7.52 mmol) of DMAP in 10 ml of dry CH₂Cl₂ and 1.23 g (6.44 mmol) of p-TsCl in 10 ml of dry CH₂Cl₂. The resulting solution is stirred at room temperature for 1 h. After evaporation of the solvent under reduced pressure the residue is purified by FC on silica gel (CH₂Cl₂, 5×20 cm) to obtain 693 mg (3.39 mmol, 63%) of a colorless liquid (E)-15/(Z)-15=6:1.

(E)-(15). ¹H NMR (CDCl₃, 500 MHz) δ 5.77 (tq, J=8.0, 1.5 Hz, 1H), 4.64 (t, J=3.6 Hz, 1H), 4.18 (d, J=12.8 Hz, 1H), 4.15 (d, J=8.0 Hz, 2H), 3.92 (d, J=12.8 Hz, 1H), 3.90-3.86 (m, 1H), 3.59-3.52 (m, 1H), 1.92-1.52 (m, 6H), 1.77 (s, 3H); ¹³C NMR (CDCl₃, 126 MHz) δ 138.6, 121.7, 97.8, 71.3, 62.1, 40.2, 30.5, 25.4, 19.3, 13.9; MS (Cl, isobutane) m/z 205 [M+1]⁺.

(Z)-(15). ¹H NMR (CDCl₃, 500 MHz) δ 5.65 (t, J=8.1 Hz, 1H), 4.61 (t, J=3.6 Hz, 1H), 4.18 (d, J=12.8 Hz, 1H), 4.15 (d, J=8.0 Hz, 2H), 3.92 (d, J=12.8 Hz, 1H), 3.90-3.86 (m, 1H), 3.59-3.52 (m, 1H), 1.92-1.52 (m, 6H), 1.86 (s, 3H); ¹³C NMR (CDCl₃, 126 MHz) δ 138.3, 124.6, 97.5, 64.7, 62.2, 40.1, 30.5, 25.4, 21.8, 19.4; MS (Cl, isobutane) m/z 205 [M+1]⁺.

(E,Z)-2-Methyl 1-tetrahydropyranyloxy-but-2-enyl diphosphate triammonium salt (16) (Davisson et al., 1986).

To a solution of chloride 15 (260 mg, 1.27 mmol) in 1.3 ml of MeCN a solution of 1.38 g (1.52 mmol) tris(tetra-n-butylammonium) hydrogen pyrophosphate in 3.0 ml of MeCN is added slowly at room temperature, obtaining an orange-red solution. The reaction is followed by ¹H-NMR, taking advantage of the up field shift of the multiplet of H-3. After 2 h the reaction is finished and the solvent removed under reduced pressure. The orange oil is dissolved in 2.5 ml of H₂O and passed through a column of DOWEX 50 WX8 (2.5×3 cm) cation-exchange resin (NH₄ ⁺ form) that has been equilibrated with two column volumes (40 ml) of 25 mM NH₄HCO₃. The column is eluted with 60 ml of 25 mM NH₄HCO₃. The resulting solution is lyophilized, dissolved in 5 ml of isopropanol/100 mM NH₄HCO₃ 1:1 and loaded on a cellulose column (2×18 cm) that is eluted by isopropanol/100 mM NH₄HCO₃ 1:1. The effluent is lyophilized obtaining 495 mg (1.25 mmol, 98%) of (E)-16/(Z)-16=6:1 as a white solid.

(E)-(16). ¹H NMR (D₂O, 500 MHz) δ 5.52 (tq, J=6.8 Hz, 1H), 4.65 (s, 1H), 4.34 (t, J=7.0 Hz, 2H), 3.98 (d, J=12.3 Hz, 1H), 3.84 (d, J=12.1 Hz, 1H), 3.74-3.70 (m, 1H), 3.42-3.38 (m, 1H), 1.61-1.57 (m, 2H), 1.54 (s, 3H), 1.40-1.32 (m, 4H); ¹³C NMR (D₂O, 126 MHz) δ 136.4, 123.9 (dd, J=8.0, 2.3 Hz), 98.5, 72.5, 63.2, 62.2 (d, J=5.3 Hz), 29.9, 24.5, 19.0, 13.4; ³¹P NMR (D₂O, 101 MHz) δ −5.62 (d, J=20.9 Hz), −7.57 (d, J=20.8 Hz).

(Z)-(16). ¹H NMR (D₂O, 500 MHz) δ 5.52 (t, J=6.8, 1H), 4.65 (s, 1H), 4.31 (t, J=7.1 Hz, 2H), 3.98 (d, J=12.3 Hz, 1H), 3.84 (d, J=12.1 Hz, 1H), 3.74-3.70 (m, 1H), 3.42-3.38 (m, 1H), 1.64 (s, 3H), 1.61-1.57 (m, 2H), 1.40-1.32 (m, 4H); ¹³C NMR (D₂O, 126 MHz) δ 136.3, 125.8 (d, J=8.6 Hz), 98.6, 72.5, 63.2, 61.8 (d, J=5.1 Hz), 29.9, 24.5, 20.8, 19.0; ³¹P NMR (D₂O, 101 MHz) δ −5.69 (d, J=20.8 Hz), −7.68 (d, J=20.8 Hz).

(E,Z)-1-Hydroxy-2-methyl-but-2-enyl diphosphate triammonium salt (8) (Davisson et al., 1986).

268 mg (0.675 mmol) of protected pyrophosphate 16 are dissolved in 2.0 ml of D₂O and the pH is adjusted to 1 by addition of 40 μl of 37% DCl in D₂O. After 1 min at this pH the solution is neutralized by addition of 40 μl of 40% NaOD in D₂O and an ¹H NMR is measured that demonstrated 50% deprotection. The procedure is repeated until deprotection is finished and just small amounts of decomposition product are formed to get in total 7 min at pH 1. Purification is performed by loading the neutral solution that is diluted by addition of 2 ml of isopropanol/100 mM NH₄HCO₃ 1:1 on a cellulose column (isopropanol/100 mM NH₄HCO₃ 1:1, 2×10.5 cm) to yield 193 mg (0.616 mmol, 91%) of a white solid of (E)-8/(Z)-8=7:1.

(E)-(8). ¹H NMR (D₂O, 500 MHz) δ 5.51 (tq, J=6.8, 1.2 Hz, 1H), 4.41 (t, J=7.2 Hz, 2H), 3.90 (s, 2H), 1.59 (s, 3H); ¹³C NMR (D₂O, 126 MHz) δ 139.8, 120.6 (d, J=7.7 Hz), 66.5, 62.4 (d, J=5.3 Hz), 13.2; ³¹P NMR (D₂O, 101 MHz) δ −4.48 (d, J=20.8 Hz), −7.06 (d, J=20.8 Hz).

(Z)-(8). ¹H NMR (D₂O, 500 MHz) δ 5.49 (tm, J=6.8 Hz, 1H), 4.41 (t, J=7.3 Hz, 2H), 4.03 (s, 2H), 1.70 (s, 3H); ¹³C NMR (D₂O, 126 MHz) δ 139.8, 123.5 (d, J=7.7 Hz), 61.7 (d, J=5.1 Hz), 59.9, 20.6; ³¹P NMR (D₂O, 101 MHz) δ −4.48 (d, J=20.8 Hz), −7.06 (d, J=20.8 Hz).

Reagents and conditions (steps (a) to (f) in FIG. 4: 1): (a) DHP, PPTS, 25° C. (2.5 h); (b) Ph₃PCHCO₂Et, toluene, reflux (39 h); (c) (1) DIBAH, CH₂Cl₂, −78° C. (3 h), (2) 1 M NaOH/H₂O; (d) p-TsCl, DMAP, CH₂Cl₂, 25° C. (1 h); (e) ((CH₃CH₂CH₂CH₂)₄N)₃HP₂O₇, MeCN, 25° C. (2 h); (f), HCl/H₂O pH 1, 25° C. (7 min).

EXAMPLE 25 Identification of (E)-1-hydroxy-2-methyl-2-butenyl 4-diphosphate

The structure of the GcpE product is further analyzed by comparison with the chemical shifts of a synthetic sample of 1-hydroxy-2-methyl-2-(E)-butenyl 4-diphosphate.

For this purpose, [2-¹⁴C]1-hydroxy-2-methyl-2-(E)-butenyl 4-diphosphate (0.36 μCi) is added to a cell extract obtained from bioengineered Escherichia coli cells endowed with artificial gene constructs expressing xylB, ispC, ispD, ispE, ispF and gcpE gene which are supplied with [U-¹³C₅]-1-deoxy-D-xylulose (see example 16). The supernatant of the cell extract is purified by HPLC (Nucleosil 5 SB, 7.5×250 mm, developed with a gradient of 100 mM to 250 mM NH₄HCOO, flow rate 2 ml/min, 35 min). The product is eluted at 23 min and collected. After lyophilization the residue is dissolved in D₂O (pH 6) and subjected to ¹H NMR analysis (FIG. 3-A). Then, 40 μl of a solution of synthetically prepared (E,Z)-1-hydroxy-2-methyl-2-butenyl 4-diphosphate (E/Z=7:1) (D₂O, pH 7) are added to the NMR sample and again analyzed by ¹H NMR spectroscopy (FIG. 3-B). On the one hand, as shown in FIG. 3-B, signals accounting for (E)-1-hydroxy-2-methyl-2-butenyl are selectively increased, providing evidence that the biologically produced structure is identical with the synthetically produced one, i.e. the (E)-isomer. On the other hand, the minor (Z)-isomer raises without any correlation to signals of the biologically afforded product. FIG. 3-C shows the same effects after addition of another 40 μl of solution of the synthetically prepared (E,Z)-1-hydroxy-2-methyl-2-butenyl 4-diphosphate.

EXAMPLE 26 Incorporation of (E)-1-hydroxy-2-methyl-2-butenyl 4-diphosphate into the Lipid Soluble Fraction of Capsicum annuum Chromoplasts

Chromoplasts are isolated by a slight modification of a method described by Camara (Camara, 1985; Camara, 1993). Pericarp of red pepper (650 g) is homogenized at 4° C. in 600 ml of 50 mM Hepes, pH 8.0, containing 1 mM DTE, 1 mM EDTA and 0.4 M sucrose (buffer A). The suspension is filtered through four layers of nylon cloth (50 μm) and centrifuged (10 min, 4,500 rpm, GSA rotor) to obtain a pellet of crude chromoplasts which is homogenized in 200 ml of buffer A. The suspension is centrifuged (10 min, 4,500 rpm, GSA rotor). The pellet is homogenized and resuspended in 3 ml of 50 mM Hepes, pH 7.6, containing 1 mM DTE. The suspension is filtered through one layer of nylon cloth (50 μm).

Reaction mixtures contain 100 mM Hepes, pH 7.6, 2 mM MnCl₂, 10 mM MgCl₂, 5 mM NaF, 2 mM NADP⁺, 1 mM NADPH, 6 mM ATP, 20 μM FAD and 2 mg of chromoplasts. 8.8 nmol of [2-¹⁴C]2C-methyl-D-erythritol 2,4-cyclodiphosphate, [2-¹⁴C]1-hydroxy-2-methyl-2-(E)-butenyl diphosphate or [2-¹⁴C]isopentenyl diphosphate (specific concentrations 15.8 μCi/μmol) are added and the mixtures are incubated at 30° C. overnight. The reaction is terminated by methylene chloride extraction. The organic phase is concentrated under a stream of nitrogen. Aliquots are spotted on silica gel plates (Polygram SIL-G, UV254, Macherey-Nagel, Düren, Germany). The plates are developed with hexane:ether=6:1 (system 1) and/or hexane:toluene=9:1 (system II), respectively. The chromatograms are monitored with a phosphor imager (Storm 860, Molecular dynamics, Sunnyvale, Calif., USA). The R_(f)-values of geranylgeraniol and the carotene fraction in system I are 0.35 and 0.9, respectively. The R_(f)-values of β-carotene, phytoene and phytofluene in system II are 0.65, 0.60 and 0.55, respectively.

The evaluation of the chromatogramms show that radioactivity can be efficiently diverted from 1-hydroxy-2-methyl-2-(E)-butenyl diphosphate into the geranylgeraniol, 3-carotene, phytoene and phytofluene fractions of C. annuum chromoplasts establishing 1-hydroxy-2-methyl-2-(E)-butenyl diphosphate as a real intermediate of the non-mevalonate pathway downstream from 2C-methyl-D-erythritol 2,4-cyclodiphosphate and upstream from isopentenyl diphosphate.

EXAMPLE 27 Construction of a Vector Carrying the ispG (gcpE) and ispH (lytB) Genes of Escherichia coli Capable for Transcription and Expression Thereof

The E. coli ORF ispH (lytB) (accession no. gb AE000113) from base pair (bp) position 5618 to 6568 is amplified by PCR using chromosomal E. coli DNA as template. The reaction mixture contains 10 pmol of the primer 5′-GCTTGCGTCGACGAGGAGAAATTAACCATGCAGATCCTGTTGGCCACC-3′ (SEQ ID NO:21), 10 pmol of the primer 5′-GCTGCTCGGCCGTTAATCGACTTCACGAATATCG-3′ (SEQ ID NO:22), 20 ng of chromosomal DNA, 2 U of Taq DNA polymerase (Eurogentec) and 20 nmol of dNTPs in a total volume of 100 μl containing 1.5 mM MgCl₂, 50 mM KCl, 10 mM Tris-hydrochloride, pH 8.8 and 0.1% (w/w) Triton X-100.

The mixture is denaturated for 3 min at 94° C. Then 30 PCR cycles for 45 sec at 94° C., 45 sec at 50° C. and 60 sec at 72° C. followed. After further incubation for 10 min at 72° C., the mixture is cooled to 4° C. An aliquot of 2 μl is subjected to agarose gel electrophoresis.

The PCR amplificate is purified with the PCR purification kit from Qiagen (Hilden).

2.4 μg of the vector pACYC184 (Chang and Cohen 1978, NEB) and 0.7 μg of the purified PCR product are digested with SalI and EagI in order to produce DNA fragments with overlapping ends. The restriction mixtures are prepared according to the conditions supplied by the customer (NEB) and are incubated for 3 h at 37° C. Digested vector DNA and PCR product are purified using the PCR purification kit from Qiagen.

20 ng of the purified vector DNA and 18 ng of the purified PCR product are ligated together with 1 U of T4-Ligase (Gibco), 2 μl of T4-Ligase buffer (Gibco) in a total volume of 10 μl, yielding the plasmid pACYClytB. The ligation mixture is incubated for 2 h at 25° C. 1 μl of the ligation mixture is transformed into electrocompetent E. coli XL1-Blue cells. The plasmid pACYClytB is isolated with the plasmid isolation kit from Qiagen.

The DNA insert of the plasmid pACYClytB is sequenced by the automated dideoxynucleotide method using an ABI Prism 377™ DNA sequencer from Perkin Elmer with the ABI Prism™ Sequencing Analysis Software from Applied Biosystems Divisions. It is identical with the DNA sequence of the database entry (gb AE000113).

The E. coli ORF ispG (gcpE) (accession no. gb AE000338) from base pair (bp) position 372 to 1204 is amplified by PCR using chromosomal E. coli DNA as template. The reaction mixture contains 10 pmol of the primer 5′-CGTACCGGATCCGAGGAGAAATTAACCATGCATAACCAGGCTCCAATTC-3′ (SEQ ID NO:23), 10 pmol of the primer 5′-CCCATCGTCGACTTATTTTTCAACCTGCTGAACGTC-3′ (SEQ ID NO:24), 20 ng of chromosomal DNA, 2 U of Taq DNA polymerase (Eurogentec) and 20 nmol of dNTPs in a total volume of 100 μl containing 1.5 mM MgCl₂, 50 mM KCl, 10 mM Tris-hydrochloride, pH 8.8 and 0.1% (w/w) Triton X-100.

The mixture is denaturated for 3 min at 94° C. Then 30 PCR cycles for 60 sec at 94° C., 60 sec at 50° C. and 90 sec at 72° C. followed. After further incubation for 10 min at 72° C., the mixture is cooled to 4° C. An aliquot of 2 μl is subjected to agarose gel electrophoresis.

The PCR amplificate is purified with the PCR purification kit from Qiagen (Hilden).

2.0 μg of the vector pACYClytB and 0.9 μg of the purified PCR product are digested with BamHI and SalI in order to produce DNA fragments with overlapping ends. The restriction mixtures are prepared according to the conditions supplied by the customer (NEB) and are incubated for 3 h at 37° C. Digested vector DNA and PCR product are purified using the PCR purification kit from Qiagen.

20 ng of the purified vector DNA and 23 ng of the purified PCR product are ligated together with 1 U of T4-Ligase (Gibco), 2 μl of T4-Ligase buffer (Gibco) in a total volume of 10 μl, yielding the plasmid pACYClytBgcpE. The ligation mixture is incubated for 2 h at 25° C. 1 μl of the ligation mixture is transformed into electrocompetent E. coli XL1-Blue cells. The plasmid pACYClytBgcpE is isolated with the plasmid isolation kit from Qiagen.

The DNA insert of the plasmid pACYClytBgcpE is sequenced by the automated dideoxynucleotide method using an ABI Prism 377™ DNA sequencer from Perkin Elmer with the ABI Prism™ Sequencing Analysis Software from Applied Biosystems Divisions. It is identical with the DNA sequence of the database entry (gb AE000338).

The DNA sequence of the vector construct pACYClytBgcpE is shown in FIG. 16.

The DNA and corresponding amino acid sequence of ispH (lytB) from Escherichia coli is shown in FIG. 17.

EXAMPLE 28 Construction of a Vector Carrying the xylB, dxr, ispD, ispE, ispF, ispG and ispH Genes of Escherichia coli capable for Transcription and Expression of D-xylulokinase, DXP Reductoisomerase, CDP-ME Synthase, CDP-ME Kinase cMEPP Synthase, 1-hydroxy-2-methyl-2-butenyl 4-diphosphate Synthase and IPP/DMAPP Synthase

The E. coli ORFs ispG (formerly gcpE) and ispH (formerly lytB) are amplified by PCR using the plasmid pACYClytBgcpE (see example 27) as template. The reaction mixture contains 10 pmol of the primer 5′-GCGGGAGACCGCGGGAGGAGAAATTAACCATGCATAACCAGGCTCCAATTCAA CG-3′ (SEQ ID NO:25), 10 pmol of the primer 5′-AGGCTGGCGGCCGCTTAATCGACTTCACGAATATCG-3′ (SEQ ID NO:26), 2 ng of pACYCgcpElytB DNA, 2 U of Taq DNA polymerase (Eurogentec) and 20 nmol of dNTPs in a total volume of 100 μl containing 1.5 mM MgCl₂, 50 mM KCl, 10 mM Tris-hydrochloride, pH 8.8 and 0.1% (w/w) Triton X-100.

The mixture is denaturated for 3 min at 94° C. Then 30 PCR cycles for 60 sec at 94° C., 60 sec at 50° C. and 150 sec at 72° C. followed. After further incubation for 20 min at 72° C., the mixture is cooled to 4° C. An aliquot of 2 μl is subjected to agarose gel electrophoresis.

The PCR amplificate is purified with the PCR purification kit from Qiagen (Hilden).

1.7 μg of the vector pBScyclo (Example 5) and 1.3 μg of the purified PCR product are digested with SacII and NotI in order to produce DNA fragments with overlapping ends. The restriction mixtures are prepared according to the conditions supplied by the customer (NEB) and are incubated for 3 h at 37° C. Digested vector DNA and PCR product are purified using the PCR purification kit from Qiagen.

22 ng of the purified vector DNA and 19 ng of the purified PCR product are ligated together with 1 U of T4-Ligase (Gibco), 2 μl of T4-Ligase buffer (Gibco) in a total volume of 10 μl, yielding the plasmid pBScyclogcpElytB2. The ligation mixture is incubated for 2 h at 25° C. 1 μl of the ligation mixture is transformed into electrocompetent E. coli XL1-Blue cells. The plasmid pBScyclogcpElytB2 is isolated with the plasmid isolation kit from Qiagen.

The DNA insert of the plasmid pBScyclogcpElytB2 is sequenced by the automated dideoxynucleotide method using an ABI Prism 377™ DNA sequencer from Perkin Elmer with the ABI Prism™ Sequencing Analysis Software from Applied Biosystems Divisions. The DNA sequence of the vector construct pBScyclogcpElytB2 is shown in FIG. 18.

EXAMPLE 29 Incorporation Experiment with Recombinant Escherichia coli XL1-pBScyclogcpElytB2 Using [U-¹³C₅]1-deoxy-D-xylulose

0.1 litre of Terrific Broth (TB) medium containing 18 mg of ampicillin are inoculated with E. Coli strain Xl1-Blue harbouring the plasmid pBScyclogcpElytB2. The cells are grown in a shaking culture at 37° C. for overnight. At an optical density (600 nm) of 1.3-1.7 a solution containing 2.4 g of lithium lactate (25 mmol), 10 ml of crude [U-¹³C₅]1-deoxy-D-xylulose (0.05 mmol) (see example 8) at a final volume of 30 ml (pH=7.4) are added continuously within 2 hours. Aliquots of 40 ml are taken at time intervals of 30 minutes and centrifuged for 20 min at 5,000 rpm and 4° C. The cells are washed with water containing 0.9% NaCl and centrifuged as described above. The cells are suspended in 700 ml of a mixture of methanol and D₂O (6:4, v/v) containing 10 mM NaF, cooled on ice and sonified 3×10 sec with a Branson Sonifier 250 (Branson SONIC Power Company) set to 90% duty cycle output, control value of 4 output. The suspension is centrifuged at 15,000 rpm for 15 min. NMR spectra of the cell free extracts are recorded directly with a Bruker AVANCE DRX 500 spectrometer (Karlsruhe, Germany). In order to avoid degradation during work-up, the structures of the products are determined by NMR spectroscopy without further purification.

EXAMPLE 30 Structure Determination of isopentenyl diphosphate (IPP) and dimethylallyl diphosphate (DMAPP)

The ¹H-decoupled ¹³C NMR spectrum using [U-¹³C₅]1-deoxy-D-xylulose as starting material (see examples 8 and 30) displays five intense ¹C-¹³C coupled signals belonging to 2C-methyl-D-erythritol 2,4-cyclodiphosphate (Herz et al., 2000) and five ¹³C-¹³C coupled signals with low intensities belonging to 1-hydroxy-2-methyl-2-butenyl 4-diphosphate (see example 18) (100:3 ratio for the 2-methyl ¹³C NMR signal intensities of 2C-methyl-D-erythritol 2,4-cyclodiphosphate and 1-hydroxy-2-methyl-2-butenyl 4-diphosphate, respectively).

In addition a set of, five ¹³C-¹³C coupled signals at 21.6 (doublet), 37.8 (triplet), 64.1 (doublet), 111.6 (doublet), and 143.3 ppm (doublet of triplets) (unknown metabolite A) accompanied by signals at 21.1 (doublet), 39.6 (triplet), 59.3 (doublet), 111.8 (doublet), and 143.2 ppm (doublet of triplets) (unknown metabolite B) is detected. The ratio of the 2-methyl signal of 2C-methyl-D-erythritol 2,4-cyclodiphosphate and the putative methyl signals of the unknown compounds at 21.6 ppm (metabolite A) and 21.1 ppm (metabolite B) is 100:24:4, respectively.

Moreover, ¹³C coupled signals with low intensities belonging to another unknown compound (metabolite C) at 17.1 (doublet), 24.9 (doublet), 62.7 (doublet), 119.6 (double-doublet) and 139.4 ppm (multiplet) are detected. The ratio of the intensities of the putative methyl signals at 21.6 (metabolite A), 17.1 and 24.9 (metabolite C) is 100:13:13, respectively.

The ³¹P NMR spectrum of the reaction mixture is characterized by intense signals for 2C-methyl-D-erythritol 2,4-cyclodiphosphate (Herz et al., 2000). Furthermore, ³¹P³¹P coupled broadened signals are observed at a chemical shift range typical for organic diphosphates (−6 to −13 ppm, ³¹P³¹P coupling constants, 20 Hz).

Metabolite A:

The signals of metabolite A at 111.6 and 143.3 ppm are conducive of a double bond motif, and the signals at 64.1, 37.8 and 21.6 ppm reflect three aliphatic carbon atoms one of which (signal at 64.1 ppm) appears to be connected to OH or OR (R=unknown).

Additional information about the structure of the unknown metabolite A can be gleaned from the ¹³C coupling pattern. Three of the ¹³C NMR signals (21.6, 64.1 and 111.6 ppm) are split into doublets indicating three ¹³C atoms each connected to only one ¹³C-labelled neighbour, one signal (37.8 ppm) displays a pseudo-triplet signature indicating a ¹³C atom with two adjacent ¹³C atoms, and one signal (143.3 ppm) is split into a doublet of triplets indicating a ¹³C atom with three ¹³C connections. In conjunction with the chemical shifts, this connectivity pattern establish metabolite A as an isopentenyl derivative.

The complex signature for the signal at 143.3 ppm deserves a more detailed analysis. The large coupling (71 Hz) is typical for ¹³C¹³C couplings between carbon atoms involved in carbon-carbon double bonds. A 71 Hz coupling is also found for the doublet signal at 111.6 ppm representing the second carbon of the double bond. Due to the coupling pattern and the chemical shifts the presence of an exo-methylene function is obvious. The two additional ¹³C couplings found in the triplet substructure of the signal at 143.3 ppm are both 41 Hz, and establish the respective carbon as the branching point of the structure.

HMQC experiments reveal the ¹H NMR chemical shifts, as well as ¹³C-¹H and ¹-¹H spin systems. More specifically, the ¹³C NMR signal at 111.6 ppm correlates to a ¹H NMR signal at 4.73 ppm, whereas the signal at 143.3 ppm gives no ¹³C-¹H correlation. The signals at 64.1, 37.8, and 21.6 ppm give ¹³C-¹H correlations to ¹H-signals at 4.00, 2.31, and 1.68 ppm, respectively. As shown by HMQC-TOCSY experiments, the proton signals at 2.31 and 4.00 are coupled, whereas the signals at 4.73 and 1.68 ppm are found as singlets in the HMQC-TOCSY experiment. The observed ¹H NMR chemical shifts in combination with the coupling patterns demonstrate that metabolite A is an isopentenyl derivative with a single bonded heteroatom (most plausibly 0) at position 1.

The ³¹C and ¹H chemical shifts of an authentic sample of isopentenyl diphosphate (IPP, measured in the same solvent mixture) are identical to the chemical shifts assigned to metabolite A. Thus, metabolite A is identified as [U-¹³C₅]IPP.

Metabolite B:

As noted above, the coupling and correlation pattern of metabolite B observed in the ¹³C NMR signals, as well as in the HMQC and HMQC-TOCSY spectra, is virtually the same as for metabolite A (IPP) suggesting that the carbon connectivities of metabolite B and IPP are identical. As the most significant difference between the NMR data of metabolite B and IPP the ¹³C NMR chemical shift of one doublet signal for metabolite B (59.3 ppm) corresponding to the C-1 signal of IPP (64.1 ppm) is upfield shifted by 4.9 ppm. This suggests that a phosphate moiety is missing at C-1 in metabolite B. Therefore, metabolite B is assigned as [U-¹³C₅]isopentene-1-ol. Presumably, isopentene-1-ol is formed from IPP by the catalytic action of pyrophosphatases and phosphatases present in the experimental system.

Metabolite C:

As described above for metabolite A (IPP), the structure of metabolite C is assigned by NMR analysis. The ¹³C coupling pattern of the signals attributed to metabolite C (three doublets, one double-doublet, one multiplet) suggests that the compound is another isopentane derivative. The chemical shifts observed for the double-doublet (119.6 ppm) and the multiplet (139.4 ppm) show that a carbon-carbon double bond connects C-2 (coupled to two ¹³C neighbours) and C-3 (coupled to three ¹³C neighbours) of the molecule.

The ¹H NMR chemical shifts of metabolite C are revealed by HMQC and HMQC-TOCSY experiments showing two singlets at 1.75 and 1.71 ppm, and a spin system comprising signals at 5.43 and 4.45 ppm. In conjunction with the chemical shifts, this correlation pattern shows that metabolite C is a dimethylallyl derivative.

The ¹³C and ¹H NMR chemical shifts of an authentic sample of dimethylallyl diphosphate (DMAPP) are identical to the chemical shifts of the signals attributed to metabolite C. This leaves no doubt that metabolite C is [U-¹³C₅]dimethylallyl diphosphate (DMAPP).

The NMR data of metabolite A (IPP) and metabolite C (DMAPP) are summarized in Tables 6 and 7.

TABLE 6 NMR data of isopentenyl diphosphate (IPP) Chemical shifts, ppm Coupling constants, Hz Position ¹H^(a) ¹³C^(b) ³¹P^(c) J_(PC) J_(HH) J_(PP) J_(PH) J_(CC) ^(d) 1 4.00 64.1 4.9 6.6 6.6 34 2 2.31 37.8 8.0 6.7 40, 40 3 143.3 71, 41, 41 4 4.73 111.6 71 5 1.68 21.6 41 P −7.8 nd P −11.9 19.5 ^(a)referenced to external trimethylsilylpropane sulfonate. ^(b)referenced to external trimethylsilylpropane sulfonate. ^(c)referenced to external 85% orthophosphoric acid. ^(d)observed with [U-¹³C₅]IPP

TABLE 7 NMR data of dimethylallyl diphosphate (DMAPP) Chemical shifts, ppm Coupling constants, Hz Position ¹H^(a) ¹³C^(b) ³¹P^(c) J_(PC) J_(HH) J_(PP) J_(PH) J_(CC) ^(d) 1 4.45 62.7 3.6 6.6 6.6 47 2 5.43 119.6 9.0 7.2 75, 48 3 139.4 nd 4 1.75 24.9 42 5 1.71 17.1 41 P −9.1 21.7 P −6.4 21.5 ^(a)referenced to external trimethylsilylpropane sulfonate. ^(b)referenced to external trimethylsilylpropane sulfonate. ^(c)referenced to external 85% orthophosphoric acid. ^(d)observed with [U-¹³C₅]DMAPP

EXAMPLE 31 Cloning of the ispG Gene (Fragment) from Arabidopsis thaliana

RNA is isolated from 1 g of 2 weeks old Arabidopsis thaliana var. Columbia plants (stems and leafs) by published procedures (Logemann et al. 1987).

A mixture containing 2.75 μg RNA, 50 nmol dNTP's, 1 μg random hexameric primer, 1 μg T₁₅-primer and 20% first strand 5× buffer (Promega) in a total volume of 50 μl is incubated for 5 min. at 95° C., cooled on ice and 500 U M-MLV reverse transcriptase (Promega) are added. The mixture is incubated for 1 h at 42° C. After incubation at 92° C. for 5 min, RNase A (20 U) and RNase H (2 U) are added and the mixture is incubated for 30 min. at 37° C.

The resulting cDNA (1 μl of this mixture) is used for the amplification of ispG by PCR.

The A. thaliana ORF ispG (accession no. dbj AB005246) without the coding region for the putative leader sequence from basepair (bp) position 2889 to 6476 is amplified by PCR using cDNA from A. thaliana as template. The reaction mixture contains 25 pmol of primer CCTGCATCCGAAGGAAGCCC (SEQ ID NO:27), 25 μmol of primer CAGTTTTCAAAGAATGGCCC (SEQ ID NO:28), 1 μl of cDNA, 2 U of Taq DNA polymerase (Eurogentec, Seraing, Belgium) and 20 nmol of dNTPs in a total volume of 100 μl in 1.5 mM MgCl₂, 50 mM KCl, 10 mM Tris-hydrochloride, pH 8.8 and 0.1% (w/w) Triton X-100.

The mixture is denaturated for 3 min at 95° C. Then 40 PCR cycles for 60 sec at 94° C., 60 sec at 50° C. and 90 sec at 72° C. followed. After further incubation for 20 min at 72° C., the mixture is cooled to 4° C. An aliquot of 2 μl is subjected to agarose gel electrophoresis. The PCR amplificate is purified with the PCR purification kit from Qiagen. 1.7 μg of purified PCR product are obtained.

The PCR amplificate is used as template for a second PCR reaction. The reaction mixture contains 25 pmol of primer TGAATCAGGATCCMGACGGTGAGAAGG (SEQ ID NO:29), 25 pmol of primer TCCGTTTGGTACCCTACTCATCAGCCACGG (SEQ ID NO:30), 2 μl of the first PCR amplification, 2 U of Taq DNA polymerase (Eurogentec, Seraing, Belgium) and 20 nmol of dNTPs in a total volume of 100 μl containing 1.5 mM MgCl₂, 50 mM KCl, 10 mM Tris-hydrochloride, pH 8.8 and 0.1% (w/w) Triton X-100.

The mixture is denaturated for 3 min at 95° C. Then 40 PCR cycles for 60 sec at 94° C., 60 sec at 50° C. and 90 sec at 72° C. follow. After further incubation for 20 min at 72° C., the mixture is cooled to 4° C. An aliquot of 2 μl is subjected to agarose gel electrophoresis. An aliquot of 2 μl is subjected to agarose gel electrophoresis.

The PCR amplificate is purified with PCR purification kit from Qiagen. 1.4 μg of purified PCR product are obtained. 2.0 μg of the vector pQE30 and 1.4 μg of the purified PCR product are digested with BamHI and KpnI in order to produce cohesive ends. The restriction mixtures are prepared according to the conditions supplied by the customer (NEB) and are incubated for 3 h at 37° C. Digested vector DNA and PCR product are purified using the PCR purification kit from Qiagen.

20 ng of vector DNA and 12 ng of PCR product are ligated together with 1 U of T4-Ligase (Gibco), 2 μl of T4-Ligase buffer (Gibco) in a total volume of 10 μl, yielding the plasmid pQEgcpEara. The ligation mixture is incubated over night at 4° C. 2 μl of the ligation mixture is transformed into electrocompetent E. coli XL1-Blue and M15-[pREP4] (Zamenhof et. al., 1972) cells. The plasmid pQEgcpEara is isolated as described above. 7 μg of plasmid DNA are obtained.

The DNA insert of the plasmid pQEgcpEara is sequenced as described above. The DNA sequence is found not to be identical with the sequence in the database (accession no. dbj AB005246, see FIG. 19).

EXAMPLE 32 Screening of IspG (GcpE) Enzyme Activity

0.2 g cells of XL1-pACYClytBgcpE are suspended in 1 ml 50 mM Tris hydrochloride, pH 7.4 and 2 mM DTT, cooled on ice and sonified 3×7 sec with a Branson Sonifier 250 (Branson SONIC Power Company) set to 80% duty cycle output, control value of 4 output. The suspension is centrifuged at 14000 rpm for 15 minutes. The supernatant is used as crude cell extract in assays described as follows.

The assay mixture contains 100 mM Tris hydrochloride, pH 7.4, 1.2 mM dithiothreitol, 10 mM NaF, 1 mM CoCl₂, 2 mM NADH, 20 mM (18 μCi mol⁻¹) [2-¹⁴C□2C-methyl-erythritol 2,4-cyclodiphophate, 0.5 mM pamidronate and 100 μl crude cell extract of XL1-pACYClytBgcpE in a total volume of 150 μl. The mixture is incubated for 10 to 45 min at 37° C. and cooled on ice. 10 μl of 30% (g/v) trichloroacetic acid are added and the mixture is neutralized with 20 μl of 1 M NaOH.

The mixture is centrifuged at 14.000 rpm for 10 minutes. Aliquotes of 130 μl of the supernatant are analyzed by reversed-phase ion-pair HPLC using a column of Multospher 120 RP 18-AQ-5 (4.6×250 mm, CS-Chromatographie Service GmbH, Langerwehe, Germany). The column is developed with a linear gradient of 7-21% (v/v) methanol in 20 ml of 10 mM tetra-n-butylammonium hydrogen phosphate, pH 6.0 at a flow rate of 1 ml min⁻¹ and further with a linear gradient of 21-49% (v/v) methanol in 15 ml of 10 mM tetra-n-butylammonium hydrogen phosphate, pH 6.0. After washing the column with 49% (v/v) methanol in 5 ml of 10 mM tetra-n-butylammonium hydrogen phosphate, pH 6.0, the column is equilibrated with 7% (v/v) methanol in 20 ml of 10 mM tetra-n-butylammonium hydrogen phosphate, pH 6.0. The effluent is monitored by a continuous-flow radio detector (Beta-RAM, Biostep GmbH, Jahnsdorf, Germany). The retention volumes of 2C-methyl-erythritol 2,4-cyclodiphophate, 1-hydroxy-2-methyl-2-(E)-butenyl-4-diphosphate, DMAPP/IPP are 18, 24 and 39 ml respectively.

After 10 minutes of incubation, about 13% of 2C-methyl-erythritol 2,4-cyclodiphophate have been converted into 1-hydroxy-2-methyl-2-(E)-butenyl-4-diphosphate (5%) and into DMAPP/IPP (8%), respectively.

After 45 min, no 1-hydroxy-2-methyl-2-(E)-butenyl-4-diphosphate, but about 21% of DMAPP/IPP was found in the assay mixture.

EXAMPLE 33 Screening of IspH (LytB) Activity

Assay mixtures contain 100 mM Tris hydrochloride, pH 7.4, 1.2 mM DTT, 10 mM NaF, 0.5 mM NADH, 60 μM FAD, 0.004 μM (18 μCi μmol-1) [2-¹⁴C]1-hydroxy-2-methyl-2-(E)-butenyl-4-diphosphate, 0.5 mM pamidronate (Dunford et al., 2001) and 20 μl of crude cell extract of M15-pMALlytB cells (prepared as described in example 2) in a total volume of 150 μl. The mixture is incubated for 30 min at 37° C. The reaction is terminated by cooling on ice, addition of 10 μl of 30% (g/v) trichloroacetic acid and immediate neutralization with 20 μl 1 M sodium hydroxide. The mixtures are centrifuged and aliquots (130 μl) of the supernatant are analyzed by reversed-phase ion-pair HPLC using a column of Multospher 120 RP 18-AQ-5 (4.6×250 mm, CS-Chromatographie Service GmbH, Langerwehe, Germany) analyzed by reversed-phase ion-pair HPLC using a column of Multospher 120 RP 18-AQ-5 (4.6×250 mm, CS-Chromatographie Service GmbH, Langerwehe, Germany). The column is developed with a linear gradient of 7-21% (v/v) methanol in 20 ml of 10 mM tetra-n-butylammonium hydrogen phosphate, pH 6.0 at a flow rate of 1 ml min⁻¹ and further with a linear gradient of 21-49% (v/v) methanol in 15 ml of 10 mM tetra-n-butylammonium hydrogen phosphate, pH 6.0. After washing the column with 49% (v/v) methanol in 5 ml of 10 mM tetra-n-butylammonium hydrogen phosphate, pH 6.0, the column is equilibrated with 7% (v/v) methanol in 20 ml of 10 mM tetra-n-butylammonium hydrogen phosphate, pH 6.0. The effluent is monitored by a continuous-flow radio detector (Beta-RAM, Biostep GmbH, Jahnsdorf, Germany). Under standard assay conditions, the HPLC peak corresponding to the substrate 1-hydroxy-2-methyl-2-(E)-butenyl 4-diphosphate is completely diminished, whereas two new peaks corresponding to DMAPP and IPP appear, when crude cell extract of E. coli M15-pMALlytB cells is used as protein source. No conversion of 1-hydroxy-2-methyl-2-(E)-butenyl 4-diphosphate into DMAPP and IPP can be observed, when crude cell extract of E. coli wild-type is used as protein source. This findings clearly show that the FAD and NADH- or NADPH-dependent conversion of 1-hydroxy-2-methyl-2-(E)-butenyl 4-diphosphate into DMAPP and IPP is catalyzed by the recombinant LytB protein. The addition of pamidronate in the assay mixtures prevents a further metabolization of IPP and DMAPP by highly active prenyl transferases present in crude E. coli extracts and affects therefore the complete conversion of 1-hydroxy-2-methyl-2-(E)-butenyl 4-diphosphate into DMAPP and IPP.

EXAMPLE 34 Construction of a Vector Carrying the dxs, xylB and ispC Genes Capable for the Transcription and Expression Thereof

The B. subtilis ORF dxs (accession no. dbj D84432) from base pair (bp) position 193991 to 195892 is amplified by PCR using pBSDXSBACSU plasmid DNA as template (see patent application PCT/EP00/07548). The reaction mixture contains 10 pmol of the primer 5′-GGCGACTCGCGAGAGGAGAAATTAACCATGGATCTTTTATCAATACAGGACC-3′ (SEQ ID NO:31), 10 pmol of the primer 5′-GGCACCCGGCCGTCATGATCCAATTCCTTTTGTGTG-3′ (SEQ ID NO:32), 20 ng DNA of pBSDXSBACSU plasmid, 2 U of Taq DNA polymerase (Eurogentec) and 20 nmol of dNTPs in a total volume of 100 μl containing 1.5 mM MgCl₂, 50 mM KCl, 10 mM Tris-hydrochloride, pH 8.8 and 0.1% (w/w) Triton X-100.

The mixture is denaturated for 3 min at 94° C. Then 30 PCR cycles for 60 sec at 94° C., 60 sec at 50° C. and 120 sec at 72° C. followed. After further incubation for 10 min at 72° C., the mixture is cooled to 4° C. An aliquot of 2 μl is subjected to agarose gel electrophoresis.

The PCR amplificate is purified with the PCR purification kit from Qiagen (Hilden).

2.4 μg of the vector pACYC184 (Chang and Cohen 1978, NEB) and 1.8 μg of the purified PCR product are digested with NruI and EagI in order to produce DNA fragments with overlapping ends. The restriction mixtures are prepared according to the conditions supplied by the customer (NEB) and are incubated for 3 h at 37° C. Digested vector DNA and PCR product are purified using the PCR purification kit from Qiagen.

20 ng of the purified vector DNA and 19 ng of the purified PCR product are ligated together with 1 U of T4-Ligase (Gibco), 2 μl of T4-Ligase buffer (Gibco) in a total volume of 10 μl, yielding the plasmid pACYCdxs. The ligation mixture is incubated for 2 h at 25° C. 1 μl of the ligation mixture is transformed into electrocompetent E. coli XL1-Blue cells. The plasmid pACYCdxs is isolated with the plasmid isolation kit from Qiagen.

The DNA insert of the plasmid pACYCdxs is sequenced by the automated dideoxynucleotide method using an ABI Prism 377™ DNA sequencer from Perkin Elmer with the ABI Prism™ Sequencing Analysis Software from Applied Biosystems Divisions. It is identical with the DNA sequence of the database entry (dbj D84432).

2.0 μg of the vector pACYCdxs and 8 μg of the vector pBScyclo (see example XXx) are digested with EagI and SalI in order to produce DNA fragments with overlapping ends. The restriction mixtures are prepared according to the conditions supplied by the customer (NEB) and are incubated for 3 h at 37° C. Digested vector DNA and PCR product are purified using the PCR purification kit from Qiagen.

20 ng of the digested and purified pACYCdxs vector DNA and 30 ng of a by DNA electrophoresis separated and purified 2.7 kb EagI/SalI fragment (containing the ORFs xylB and ispC from E. coli) are ligated together with 1 U of T4-Ligase (Gibco), 2 μl of T4-Ligase buffer (Gibco) in a total volume of 10 μl, yielding the plasmid pACYCdxsxylBispC. The ligation mixture is incubated for 2 h at 25° C. 1 μl of the ligation mixture is transformed into electrocompetent E. coli XL1-Blue cells. The plasmid pACYCdxsxylBispC is isolated with the plasmid isolation kit from Qiagen.

The DNA insert of the plasmid pACYCdxsxylBispC is sequenced by the automated dideoxynucleotide method using an ABI Prism 377™ DNA sequencer from Perkin Elmer with the ABI Prism™ Sequencing Analysis Software from Applied Biosystems Divisions.

EXAMPLE 35 Construction of a Vectors Carrying the dxs, xylB, ispC, and ispG and Optionally ispH Genes Capable for the Transcription and Expression Thereof

The E. coli ORF ispH (lytB) (accession no. gb AE000113) from base pair (bp) position 5618 to 6568 is amplified by PCR using chromosomal E. coli DNA as template. The reaction mixture contains 10 pmol of the primer 5′-GCTTGCGTCGACGAGGAGAAATTAACCATGCAGATCCTGTTGGCCACC-3′ (SEQ ID NO:33), 10 pmol of the primer 5′-GCTGCTCTCGAGTTAATCGACTTCACGAATATCG-3′ (SEQ ID NO:34), 20 ng of chromosomal DNA, 2 U of Taq DNA polymerase (Eurogentec) and 20 nmol of dNTPs in a total volume of 100 μl containing 1.5 mM MgCl₂, 50 mM KCl, 10 mM Tris-hydrochloride, pH 8.8 and 0.1% (w/w) Triton X-100.

The mixture is denaturated for 3 min at 94° C. Then 30 PCR cycles for 45 sec at 94° C., 45 sec at 50° C. and 60 sec at 72° C. followed. After further incubation for 10 min at 72° C., the mixture is cooled to 4° C. An aliquot of 2 μl is subjected to agarose gel electrophoresis.

The PCR amplificate is purified with the PCR purification kit from Qiagen (Hilden).

2.5 μg of the vector pACYCdxsxylBispC (see example 34) are linearized with SalI and 0.9 μg of the purified PCR product are digested with SalI and XhoI in order to produce DNA fragments with overlapping ends. The restriction mixtures are prepared according to the conditions supplied by the customer (NEB) and are incubated for 3 h at 37° C. Digested vector DNA and PCR product are purified using the PCR purification kit from Qiagen.

15 ng of the purified vector DNA and 18 ng of the purified PCR product are ligated together with 1 U of T4-Ligase (Gibco), 2 μl of T4-Ligase buffer (Gibco) in a total volume of 10 μl, yielding the plasmid pACYCdxsxylBispClytB. The ligation mixture is incubated for 2 h at 25° C. 1 μl of the ligation mixture is transformed into electrocompetent E. coli XL1-Blue cells. The plasmid pACYCdxsxylBispClytB is isolated with the plasmid isolation kit from Qiagen.

The DNA insert of the plasmid pACYCdxsxylBispClytB is sequenced by the automated dideoxynucleotide method using an ABI Prism 377™ DNA sequencer from Perkin Elmer with the ABI Prism™ Sequencing Analysis Software from Applied Biosystems Divisions. It is identical with the DNA sequence of the database entry (gb AE000113).

The E. coli ORF ispG (gcpE) (accession no. gb AE000338) from base pair (bp) position 372 to 1204 is amplified by PCR using chromosomal E. coli DNA as template. The reaction mixture contains 10 pmol of the primer 5′-GGTCGAGTCGACGAGGAGAAATTAACCATGCATAACCAGGCTCCAATTC-3′ (SEQ ID NO:35), 10 pmol of the primer 5′-CCCATCCTCGAGTTATTTTTCAACCTGCTGAACGTC-3′ (SEQ ID NO:36), 20 ng of chromosomal DNA, 2 U of Taq DNA polymerase (Eurogentec) and 20 nmol of dNTPs in a total volume of 100 μl containing 1.5 mM MgCl₂, 50 mM KCl, 10 mM Tris-hydrochloride, pH 8.8 and 0.1% (w/w) Triton X-100.

The mixture is denaturated for 3 min at 94° C. Then 30 PCR cycles for 60 sec at 94° C., 60 sec at 50° C. and 90 sec at 72° C. followed. After further incubation for 10 min at 72° C., the mixture is cooled to 4° C. An aliquot of 2 μl is subjected to agarose gel electrophoresis.

The PCR amplificate is purified with the PCR purification kit from Qiagen (Hilden).

Each 2.0 μg of the vectors pACYCdxsxylBispC (see example 34) and pACYCdxsxylBispClytB (see above) are linearized with SalI and 1.1 μg of the purified PCR product are digested with SalI and XhoI in order to produce DNA fragments with overlapping ends. The restriction mixtures are prepared according to the conditions supplied by the customer (NEB) and are incubated for 3 h at 37° C. Digested vector DNA and PCR product are purified using the PCR purification kit from Qiagen.

18 ng of the purified vector DNAs and 23 ng of the purified PCR product are ligated together with 1 U of T4-Ligase (Gibco), 2 μl of T4-Ligase buffer (Gibco) in a total volume of 10 μl, yielding the plasmids pACYCdxsxylBispCgcpE and pACYCdxsxylBispClytBgcpE. The ligation mixtures are incubated for 2 h at 25° C. 1 μl of the ligation mixture is transformed into electrocompetent E. coli XL1-Blue cells. The plasmids pACYCdxsxylBispCgcpE and pACYCdxsxylBispClytBgcpE are isolated with the plasmid isolation kit from Qiagen.

The DNA inserts of the plasmids pACYCdxsxylBispCgcpE and pACYCdxsxylBispClytBgcpE are sequenced by the automated dideoxynucleotide method using an ABI Prism 377™ DNA sequencer from Perkin Elmer with the ABI Prism™ Sequencing Analysis Software from Applied Biosystems Divisions. They are identical with the DNA sequence of the database entry (gb AE000338).

EXAMPLE 36 Incorporation Experiment with Recombinant Escherichia coli XL1-pACYCdxsxylBispCgcpE Using [U-¹³C₆]Glucose

0.2 litre of Terrific Broth (TB) medium containing 5 mg of chloramphenicol are inoculated with E. coli strain XL1-Blue harbouring the plasmid pACYCdxsxylBispCgcpE. The cells are grown in a shaking culture at 37° C. overnight. At an optical density (600 nm) of 1.7-2.4 a solution containing 1 g of lithium lactate (10 mmol), 200 mg [U-¹³C₆]glucose (1.1 mmol) at a final volume of 24 ml (pH=7.4) are added continuously within 2 hours. Then, after 1 hour an aliquot of 40 ml was taken and centrifuged for 20 min at 5,000 rpm and 4° C. The cells are washed with water containing 0.9% NaCl and centrifuged as described above. The cells are suspended in 700 μl of a mixture of methanol-d₄ and D₂O (6:4, v/v) containing 10 mM NaF, cooled on ice and sonified 3×10 sec with a Branson Sonifier 250 (Branson SONIC Power Company) set to 90% duty cycle output, control value of 4 output. The suspension is centrifuged at 15,000 rpm for 15 min. NMR spectra of the cell free extracts are recorded directly with a Bruker AVANCE DRX 500 spectrometer (Karlsruhe, Germany). In order to avoid degradation during work-up, the structures of the products are determined by NMR spectroscopy without further purification.

The ¹³C-NMR spectra showed signals accounting for 1-hydroxy-2-methyl-2-(E)-butenyl 4-diphosphate (cf. Tables 2 and 4, example 18) as major product. A formation of 2C-methyl-D-erythritol 2,4-cylodiphosphate could not be detected.

EXAMPLE 37 Incorporation Experiment with Recombinant Escherichia coli XL1-pACYCdxsxylBispClytBgcpE Using Glucose

Example 36 can be carried out with recombinant Escherichia coli XL1-pACYCdxsxylBispClytBgcpE using glucose for converting glucose to isopentenyl diphosphate and/or dimethylallyl diphosphate.

EXAMPLE 38 Cloning of the ispG Gene of Escherichia coli and Expression as Maltose Binding Fusion Protein (MBP-IspG)

The E. coli ORF ispG (gcpE) (accession no. gb AE000338) from base pair (bp) position 372 to 1204 is amplified by PCR using chromosomal E. coli DNA as template. The reaction mixture contains 10 pmol of the primer 5′-GAACCGGAATTCATGCATAACCAGGCTCCAATTC-3′ (SEQ ID NO:37), 10 pmol of the primer 5′-CGAGGCGGATCCCATCACG-3′ (SEQ ID NO:38), 20 ng of chromosomal DNA, 2 U of Taq DNA polymerase (Eurogentec) and 20 nmol of dNTPs in a total volume of 100 μl containing 1.5 mM MgCl₂, 50 mM KCl, 10 mM Tris-hydrochloride, pH 8.8 and 0.1% (w/w) Triton X-100.

The mixture is denaturated for 3 min at 94° C. Then 30 PCR cycles for 60-sec at 94° C., 60 sec at 50° C. and 90 sec at 72° C. followed. After further incubation for 10 min at 72° C., the mixture is cooled to 4° C. An aliquot of 2 μl is subjected to agarose gel electrophoresis.

The PCR amplificate is purified with the PCR purification kit from Qiagen (Hilden).

2.2 μg of the vector pMAL-C2 (NEB) and 0.8 μg of the purified PCR product are digested with EcoRI and BamHI in order to produce DNA fragments with overlapping ends. The restriction mixtures are prepared according to the conditions supplied by the customer (NEB) and are incubated for 3 h at 37° C. Digested vector DNA and PCR product are purified using the PCR purification kit from Qiagen.

20 ng of the purified vector DNA and 15 ng of the purified PCR product are ligated together with 1 U of T4-Ligase (Gibco), 2 μl of T4-Ligase buffer (Gibco) in a total volume of 10 μl, yielding the plasmid pMALgcpE. The ligation mixture is incubated for 2 h at 25° C. 1 μl of the ligation mixture is transformed into electrocompetent E. coli XL1-Blue cells. The plasmid pMALgcpE is isolated with the plasmid isolation kit from Qiagen.

The DNA insert of the plasmid pMALgcpE is sequenced by the automated dideoxynucleotide method using an ABI Prism 377™ DNA sequencer from Perkin Elmer with the ABI Prism™ Sequencing Analysis Software from Applied Biosystems Divisions. It is identical with the DNA sequence of the database entry (gb AE000338).

EXAMPLE 39 Cloning of the ispH Gene of Escherichia coli and Expression as Maltose Binding Fusion Protein (MBP-IspH)

The E. coli ORF ispH (lytB) (accession no. gb AE000113) from base pair (bp) position 5618 to 6568 is amplified by PCR using chromosomal E. coli DNA as template. The reaction mixture contains 10 pmol of the primer 5′-TGGAGGGGATCCATGCAGATCCTGTTGGCCACC-3′ (SEQ ID NO:39), 10 pmol of the primer 5′-GCATTTCTGCAGAACTTAGGC-3′ (SEQ ID NO:40), 20 ng of chromosomal DNA, 2 U of Taq DNA polymerase (Eurogentec) and 20 nmol of dNTPs in a total volume of 100 μl containing 1.5 mM MgCl₂, 50 mM KCl, 10 mM Tris-hydrochloride, pH 8.8 and 0.1% (w/w) Triton X-100.

The mixture is denaturated for 3 min at 94° C. Then 30 PCR cycles for 45 sec at 94° C., 45 sec at 50° C. and 60 sec at 72° C. followed. After further incubation for 10 min at 72° C., the mixture is cooled to 4° C. An aliquot of 2 μl is subjected to agarose gel electrophoresis.

The PCR amplificate is purified with the PCR purification kit from Qiagen (Hilden).

2.2 μg of the vector pMAL-C2 (NEB) and 0.7 μg of the purified PCR product are digested with BamHI and PstI in order to produce DNA fragments with overlapping ends. The restriction mixtures are prepared according to the conditions supplied by the customer (NEB) and are incubated for 3 h at 37° C. Digested vector DNA and PCR product are purified using the PCR purification kit from Qiagen.

20 ng of the purified vector DNA and 14 ng of the purified PCR product are ligated together with 1 U of T4-Ligase (Gibco), 2 μl of T4-Ligase buffer (Gibco) in a total volume of 10 μl, yielding the plasmid pMALlytB. The ligation mixture is incubated for 2 h at 25° C. 1 μl of the ligation mixture is transformed into electrocompetent E. coli XL1-Blue cells. The plasmid pMallytB is isolated with the plasmid isolation kit from Qiagen.

The DNA insert of the plasmid pMALlytB is sequenced by the automated dideoxynucleotide method using an ABI Prism 377™ DNA sequencer from Perkin Elmer with the ABI Prism™ Sequencing Analysis Software from Applied Biosystems Divisions. It is identical with the DNA sequence of the database entry (gb AE000113).

EXAMPLE 40 Preparation and Purification of Recombinant IspG Maltose Binding Fusion Protein (MRP-IspG)

0.5 liter of Luria Bertani (LB) medium containing 90 mg of ampicillin are inoculated with 10 ml of an overnight culture of E. coli strain XL1-Blue harboring plasmid pMALgcpE. The culture is grown in a shaking culture at 37° C. At an optical density (600 nm) of 0.7, the culture is induced with 2 mM IPTG. The culture is grown for further 5 h. The cells are harvested by centrifugation for 20 min at 5,000 rpm and 4° C. The cells are washed with 20 mM Tris hydrochloride pH 7.4, centrifuged as above and frozen at −20° C. for storage.

2 g of the cells are thawed in 20 ml of 20 mM Tris hydrochloride pH 7.4, 0.2 M sodium chloride and 0.02% (g/v) sodium acid (buffer A) in the presence of 1 mg ml⁻¹ lysozyme and 100 μg ml⁻¹ DNaseI. The mixture is incubated at 37° C. for 30 min, cooled on ice and sonified 6×10 sec with a Branson Sonifier 250 (Branson SONIC Power Company) set to 70% duty cycle output, control value of 4 output. The suspension is centrifuged at 15,000 rpm at 4° C. for 30 min. The cell free extract is applied on a column of amylose resin FF (column volume 25 ml, NEB) previously equilibrated with buffer A at a flowrate of 2 ml min⁻¹. The column is washed with 130 ml of buffer A. MRP-IspG is eluted with a linear gradient of 0-10 mM maltose in buffer A. MRP-IspG containing fractions are combined according to SDS-PAGE and dialyzed overnight against 100 mM Tris hydrochloride pH 7.4. The homogeneity of MRP-IspG is judged by SDS-PAGE. One band at 84 kDa is visible, which is in line with the calculated molecular mass. The yield of pure MRP-IspG is 9 mg.

EXAMPLE 41 Preparation and Purification of Recombinant IspH Maltose Binding Fusion Protein (MRP-IspH)

0.5 liter of Luria Bertani (LB) medium containing 90 mg of ampicillin are inoculated with 10 ml of an overnight culture of E. coli strain XL1-Blue harboring plasmid pMALlytB. The culture is grown in a shaking culture at 37° C. At an optical density (600 nm) of 0.7, the culture is induced with 2 mM IPTG. The culture is grown for further 5 h. The cells are harvested by centrifugation for 20 min at 5,000 rpm and 4° C. The cells are washed with 20 mM Tris hydrochloride pH 7.4, centrifuged as above and frozen at −20° C. for storage.

2 g of the cells are thawed in 20 ml of 20 mM Tris hydrochloride pH 7.4, 0.2 M sodium chloride and 0.02% (g/v) sodium acid (buffer A) in the presence of 1 mg ml⁻¹ ¹ lysozyme and 100 μg ml⁻¹ DNaseI. The mixture is incubated at 37° C. for 30 min, cooled on ice and sonified 6×10 sec with a Branson Sonifier 250 (Branson SONIC Power Company) set to 70% duty cycle output, control value of 4 output. The suspension is centrifuged at 15,000 rpm at 4° C. for 30 min. The cell free extract is applied on a column of amylose resin FF (column volume 25 ml, NEB) previously equilibrated with buffer A at a flowrate of 2 ml min⁻¹. The column is washed with 130 ml of buffer A. MRP-IspH is eluted with a linear gradient of 0-10 mM maltose in buffer A. MRP-IspH containing fractions are combined according to SDS-PAGE and dialyzed overnight against 100 mM Tris hydrochloride pH 7.4. The homogeneity of MRP-IspH is judged by SDS-PAGE. One band at 78 kDa is visible, which is in line with the calculated molecular mass. The yield of pure MRP-IspH is 14 mg.

EXAMPLE 42 Synthesis of 1-hydroxy-2-methyl-but-2-enyl-4-diphosphate (see FIG. 7)

4-Chloro-2-methyl-2-buten-1-al (Choi et al. (1999) J. Org. Chem. 64, 8051-8053) A solution containing 1.17 ml of 2-methyl-2-vinyl-oxirane (12 mmol), 1.6 g of CuCl₂ (12 mmol) and 510 mg of LiCl (12 mmol) in 10 ml of ethylactetate was heated to 80° C. for 30 min. The reaction was stopped by adding 50 g of ice. The mixture was filtered through a sintered glass funnel under reduced pressure. 100 ml of CH₂Cl₂ was added and the organic phase was separated. The aqueous layer was extracted two times with 100 ml of CH₂Cl₂. The combined organic phase was dried over anhydrous MgSO₄, filtered, and concentrated. The crude product was purified by chromatography over silica gel (CH₂Cl₂, 3×37 cm) to yield 0.755 g of a yellow liquid (6.4 mmol, 53%).

¹H NMR (CDCl₃, 500 MHz) δ 9.43 (s, 1H), 6.50 (t, J=7.5 Hz, 1H), 4.24 (d, J=7.5 Hz, 2H), 1.77 (s, 3H)

¹³C NMR (CDCl₃, 125 MHz) δ 194.3, 145.7, 141.1, 38.6, 9.1

4-Chloro-2-methyl-2-buten-1-al-dimethyl-acetal

A solution of 184 mg 4-chloro-2-methyl-2-buten-1-al (1.55 mmol), 600 μl of HC(OMe)₃ (5.6 mmol) and a catalytic amount of p-TsOH was incubated for 3 h at room temperature. The crude mixture was purified by chromatography over silica gel (n-hexane/ethylacetate 7:3) to yield 177 mg of a colourless liquid (1.08 mmol, 72%).

¹H NMR (CDCl₃, 500 MHz) δ 5.78 (t, 1H, J=7.9), 4.47 (s, 1H), 4.15 (d, J=7.9 Hz, 2H), 3.33 (s, 6H), 1.73 (s, 3H)

¹³C NMR (CDCl₃ 125 MHz) δ 137.6, 124.4, 106.0, 53.5, 39.6, 11.4

(E)-3-Formyl-2-buten-1-diphosphate triammonium salt (Davisson et al. (1986) J. Org. Chem., 51, 4768) To a solution of 4-chloro-2-methyl-2-buten-1-al-dimethyl-acetal chloride (25 mg, 0.15 mmol) in 250 μl of MeCN a solution of 0.162 g (0.18 mmol) of tris(tetra-n-butylammonium)hydrogen pyrophosphate in 400 μL of MeCN was added slowly at room temperature, leading to an orange-red solution. After 2 h the reaction was finished and the solvent was removed under reduced pressure. The orange oil was dissolved in 3 mL of H₂O and passed through a column of DOWEX 50 WX8 (1□4 cm) cation-exchange resin (NH₄ ⁺ form) that has been equilibrated with 20 mL of 25 mM NH₄HCO₃. The column was eluted with 20 mL of 25 mM NH₄HCO₃. The resulting solution was lyophilized. The obtained solid was dissolved in 2 ml water and acidified with aqueous HCl to pH=3. After 2 minutes the solution was neutralized and lyophylisized.

¹H NMR (D₂O, 360 MHz) δ 59.37 (s, 1H), 6.86 (t, 1H, 5.6 Hz), 4.85 (dd, J=7.9, J=5.8 Hz, 2H), 1.72 (s, 3H)

¹³C NMR (D₂O, 90 MHz) δ 199.2, 153.1 (d, J=7.5 Hz), 138.5, 63.2 (d, J=4.9), 8.5

[1-³H]1-hydroxy-2-methyl-but-2-enyl-4-diphosphate

A solution containing 50 mCi (15 μmol) NaBH₃T, 15 μmol 3-formyl-2-buten-1-diphosphate triammonium salt and 100 mM Tris/HCl pH=8 was incubated for 30 minutes at room temperature. The solution was acidified by adding 1 M HCl to pH=2. After 2 minutes the solution was neutralized by adding 1 M NaOH.

The product was characterized by ion-exchange chromatography (see examples 20 and 25).

EXAMPLE 43 γδ T Cell Stimulation Assays

PBMCs from healthy donors (donor A and donor B) are isolated from heparinized peripheral blood by density centrifugation over Ficoll-Hypaque (Amersham Pharmacia Biotech, Freiburg, Germany). 5×10⁵ PBMCs/well are cultivated in 1 mL RPMI 1640 medium supplemented with 10% human AB serum (Klinik rechts der Isar, München, Germany), 2 mM L-glutamine, 10 μM mercaptoethanol. Amounts of recombinant human IL-2 (kindly provided by Eurocetus, Amsterdam, The Netherlands) and substrates are varied from 1 to 10 U and 10 to 0.1 μM, respectively. 20 μM IPP (Echelon, Research Laboratories Inc., Salt Lake City, USA) serves as a positive control whereas medium alone serves as negative control. Incubation is done for seven days at 37° C. in the presence of 7% CO₂. The harvested cells are double-stained with fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)-conjugated mouse anti-human monoclonal antibody Vδ2 TCR and phycoerythrin (PE)-conjugated monoclonal CD3 antibody. The cells are analyzed using a FACScan supported with Cellquest (Becton Dickinson, Heidelberg, Germany).

The substrates (E)-1-hydroxy-3-methyl-but-2-enyl 4-diphosphate (HMBPP) and 3-formyl-but-2-enyl 1-diphosphate (Aldehyde) were prepared synthetically as described above.

It is found that both synthetically prepared substrates (HMBPP and Aldehyde) show at least double stimulation compared to IPP when used at a concentration that is 200-fold lower than the concentration of the IPP sample (Table 8).

TABLE 8 Activation of γδ T-cells by phosphororganic compounds Concentration IL-2 % γδ T-cells Substrate [μM] [U] Donor A Donor B Medium — 1 1.51 2.75 Medium — 5 1.45 2.23 Medium — 10 1.32 1.68 IPP 20 1 8.19 6.24 IPP 20 5 14.42 9.32 IPP 20 10 16.6 11.86 IPP 1 1 1.56 2.22 IPP 1 5 1.59 2.67 IPP 1 10 1.71 2.19 IPP 0.1 1 1.3 2.15 IPP 0.1 5 1.3 2.26 IPP 0.1 10 1.01 2.54 HMBPP 10 1 3.3 31.42 HMBPP 10 5 17.38 63.48 HMBPP 10 10 24.94 63.34 HMBPP 1 1 5.57 35.34 HMBPP 1 5 14.4 54.12 HMBPP 1 10 19.85 55.90 HMBPP 0.1 1 11.78 32.21 HMBPP 0.1 5 22.92 44.69 HMBPP 0.1 10 34.69 36.33 HMBPP/IPP 0.5/0.5 1 7 30.35 HMBPP/IPP 0.5/0.5 5 15.38 53.76 HMBPP/IPP 0.5/0.5 10 24.19 46.58 Aldehyde 10 1 12.19 30.69 Aldehyde 10 5 34.69 30.33 Aldehyde 10 10 38.99 38.85 Aldehyde 1 1 15.91 21.18 Aldehyde 1 5 40.13 30.76 Aldehyde 1 10 48.28 36.69 Aldehyde 0.1 1 10 13.54 Aldehyde 0.1 5 19.77 18.45 Aldehyde 0.1 10 21.93 25.82 Aldehyde/IPP 0.5/0.5 1 13.98 22.11 Aldehyde/IPP 0.5/0.5 5 33.94 32.06 Aldehyde/IPP 0.5/0.5 10 42.84 36.25 IPP: isopentenyl diphosphate HMBPP: (E)-1-hydroxy-3-methyl-but-2-enyl 4-diphosphate Aldehyde: (E)-3-formyl-but-2-enyl 1-diphosphate (prepared according to example 42)

EXAMPLE 44 High Through-Put Screening Assay of 1-hydroxy-2-methyl-2-(E)-butenyl 4-diphosphate Synthase (IspG) Activity

Assay mixtures contain 20 mM potassium phosphate, pH 7.0, 0.4 mM NADH, 0.5 mM CoCl₂, 0.2 mM 2C-methyl-D-erythritol 2,4-cyclodiphosphate, and 50 μl protein in a total volume of 1 ml. The mixtures are incubated at 37° C. The oxidation of NADH is monitored photometrically at 340 nm. Alternatively, the concentration of NADH is determined by measuring the relative fluorescence of NADH at 340 nm excitation/460 nm emission.

EXAMPLE 45 High Through-Put Screening Assay of 1-hydroxy-2-methyl-2-(E)-butenyl 4-diphosphate Reductase (IspH) Activity

Assay mixtures contain 20 mM potassium phosphate, pH 7.0, pH 8.0, 0.4 mM NADH, 20 μM FAD, 0.5 mM COCl₂, 0.2 mM 1-hydroxy-2-methyl-2-(E)-butenyl 4-diphosphate, and 50 μl protein in a total volume of 1 ml. The mixtures are incubated at 37° C. The oxidation of NADH is monitored photometrically at 340 nm. Alternatively, the concentration of NADH is determined by measuring the relative fluorescence of NADH at 340 nm excitation/460 nm emission.

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1-103. (canceled)
 104. A protein in a form that is functional for the enzymatic conversion of 1-hydroxy-2-methyl-2-butenyl 4-diphosphate, in its (E)-form, to isopentenyl diphosphate and/or dimethylallyl diphosphate.
 105. The protein according to claim 104, wherein it is in a form functional for said conversion in the presence of FAD and NAD(P)H.
 106. The protein according to claim 105, wherein it is in a form functional for said conversion in the presence of a metal ion selected from the group of manganese, iron, cobalt, or nickel ion.
 107. The protein according to claim 104, wherein it has a sequence encoded by the ispH (formerly lytB) gene of E. coli or a function-conservative homologue of said sequence.
 108. A purified isolated nucleic acid encoding a protein in a form that is functional for the enzymatic conversion of 2C-methyl-D-erythritol 2,4-cyclodiphosphate to 1-hydroxy-2-methyl-2-butenyl 4-diphosphate in its (E)-form and/or a protein in a form that is functional for the enzymatic conversion of 1-hydroxy-2-methyl-2-butenyl 4-diphosphate, in its (E)-form, to isopentenyl diphosphate and/or dimethylallyl diphosphate, with or without introns.
 109. A DNA expression vector containing the sequence of the nucleic acid according to claim
 108. 110. Cells, cell cultures, organisms or parts thereof recombinantly endowed with the sequence of the nucleic acid according to claim 108, wherein said cell is selected from the group consisting of bacterial, protozoal, fungal, plant, insect and mammalian cells.
 111. Cells, cell cultures, organisms or parts thereof according to claim 110, wherein it is recombinantly endowed with a vector containing a nucleic acid sequence encoding a protein in a form that is functional for the enzymatic conversion of 2C-methyl-D-erythritol 2,4-cyclodiphosphate to 1-hydroxy-2-methyl-2-butenyl 4-diphosphate in its (E)-form and/or a protein in a form that is functional for the enzymatic conversion of 1-hydroxy-2-methyl-2-butenyl 4-diphosphate, in its (E)-form, to isopentenyl diphosphate and/or dimethylallyl diphosphate, and wherein said cell is optionally further endowed with at least one gene selected from the group consisting of dxs, dxr, ispD (formerly ygbP); ispE (formerly ychB); ispF (formerly ygbB) of E. coli, a function-conservative homologue thereof, and a function-conservative fusion, deletion or insertion variant of any of the above genes.
 112. Cells, cell cultures, or organisms or parts thereof transformed or transfected for an increased rate of formation of 1-hydroxy-2-methyl-2-butenyl 4-diphosphate, in its (E)-form, compared to cells, cell cultures, or organisms or parts thereof absent said transformation or transfection.
 113. Cells, cell cultures, or organisms or parts thereof transformed or transfected for an increased rate of conversion of (E)-1-hydroxy-2-methyl-2-butenyl 4-diphosphate to isopentenyl diphosphate and/or dimethylallyl diphosphate compared to cells, cell cultures, or organisms or parts thereof absent said transformation or transfection.
 114. Cells, cell cultures, or organisms or parts thereof according to claim 110 transformed or transfected for an increased expression level of a protein in a form that is functional for the enzymatic conversion of 2C-methyl-D-erythritol 2,4-cyclodiphosphate to 1-hydroxy-2-methyl-2-butenyl 4-diphosphate in its (E)-form and/or a protein in a form that is functional for the enzymatic conversion of 1-hydroxy-2-methyl-2-butenyl 4-diphosphate, in its (E)-form, to isopentenyl diphosphate and/or dimethylallyl diphosphate compared to cells, cell cultures, or organisms or parts thereof absent said transformation or transfection.
 115. Cells, cell cultures or organisms or parts thereof according to claim 110, characterized by the recombinant endowment with sets of genes selected from the following group: ispC (formerly dxr), ispD, ispE, ispF, ispG (formerly gcpE); or ispC, ispD, ispE, ispF, ispG, ispH (formerly lytB); or dxs, ispC, ispD, ispE, ispF, ispG; or dxs, ispC, ispD, ispE, ispF, ispG, ispH; or dxs, ispC, ispG, or dxs, ispC, ispG, ispH of E. coli or a function-conservative homologue thereof and/or a function-conservative fusion, deletion or insertion variant of any of the above genes.
 116. Cells, cell cultures or organisms or parts thereof according to claim 115, characterized by further recombinant endowment(s) with gene(s) being functional for biosynthetic steps downstream from the C5 isoprenoids.
 117. Cells, cell cultures or organisms or parts thereof according to claim 110, wherein at least one gene of said recombinant endowments is equipped with artificial ribosomal binding site(s) for expression of the corresponding gene product(s) at a rate enhanced compared to the rate in the absence of the artificial ribosomal binding site(s).
 118. Cells, cell cultures or organisms or parts thereof according to claim 110, wherein at least one of said recombinant endowments is due to a high copy replication vector.
 119. Cells, cell cultures or organisms or parts thereof according to claim 110, wherein they are of bacterial, protozoal, fungal, plant or animal origin.
 120. Use of the cells, cell cultures or organisms, or parts thereof according to claim 110 or disruption products thereof for the enhanced rate of in vivo formation or for the efficient in vitro production of a biosynthetic intermediate or product of the non-mevalonate isoprenoid biosynthetic pathway.
 121. Use according to claim 120, wherein said intermediate or product is a C5-isoprenoid intermediate compound; or a >C5-isoprenoid compound; or a terpenoid compound.
 122. Use according to claim 120, wherein the rate of formation or production is enhanced by providing a source for CTP.
 123. Use according to claim 122, wherein the source for CTP is at least one member selected from the group consisting of cytidine, uridine, cytosine, uracil, ribose, ribose 5-phosphate and any biosynthetic precursor of CTP.
 124. Use according to claim 120, wherein the rate of formation or production is enhanced by providing a source for phosphorylation enhancement.
 125. Use according to claim 124, wherein the source for phosphorylation enhancement is glycerol 3-phosphate, phosphoenolpyruvate, inorganic phosphate, inorganic pyrophosphate or any organic phosphate or pyrophosphate.
 126. Use according to claim 120, wherein the rate of formation or production is enhanced by providing a source for reduction equivalents.
 127. Use according to claim 126, wherein the source for reduction equivalents is succinate, lipids, glucose, glycerol or lactate.
 128. Use of the cells, cell cultures or organisms or parts thereof according to claim 110 for the production of a protein in an enzymatically competent form for the conversion of 2C-methyl-D-erythritol 2,4-cyclodiphosphate into (E)-1-hydroxy-2-methyl-2-butenyl 4-diphosphate.
 129. Use of the cells, cell cultures or organisms or parts thereof according to claim 110 for the production of a protein in an enzymatically competent form for the conversion of (E)-1-hydroxy-2-methyl-2-butenyl 4-diphosphate into isopentenyl diphosphate and/or dimethylallyl diphosphate.
 130. Use of the cells, cell cultures or organisms or parts thereof according to claim 110 for the production of proteins in an enzymatically competent form for the conversion of 2C-methyl-D-erythritol 2,4-cyclodiphosphate into isopentenyl diphosphate and/or dimethylallyl diphosphate.
 131. A method of altering the expression level of the gene product(s) of ispG and/or ispH in cells comprising: (a) transforming host cells with the ispG and/or ispH gene; and (b) growing the transformed host cells of step (a) under conditions that are suitable for the efficient expression of ispG and/or ispH, resulting in production of altered levels of the ispG and/or ispH gene product(s) in the transformed cells relative to expression levels of untransformed cells.
 132. A process for the efficient in vivo synthesis of (E)-1-hydroxy-2-methyl-2-butenyl 4-diphosphate; or isopentenyl diphosphate or dimethylallyl diphosphate; in salt form or in protonated form, by the following steps: (a) culturing cells, recombinantly endowed according to claim 110 for said synthesis for a predetermined period of time at a predetermined temperature; (b) optionally adding glucose to a predetermined final concentration and further culturing for a predetermined period of time; (c) harvesting the cells; (d) preparing a crude extract from the harvested cells; (e) separating and purifying optionally isotope-labelled (E)-1-hydroxy-2-methyl-2-butenyl 4-diphosphate; or isopentenyl diphosphate; or dimethylallyl diphosphate; in salt form or in protonated form.
 133. Cells, cell cultures or organisms or parts thereof for the efficient formation of a biosynthetic product or intermediate of the non-mevalonate pathway to isoprenoids or terpenoids, characterized by (a) first recombinant endowment with a gene functional for the biosynthesis of 1-deoxy-D-xylulose 5-phosphate from 1-deoxy-D-xylulose; (b) capability for the uptake of 1-deoxy-D-xylulose; and (c) recombinant endowment(s) with gene(s) being functional for the conversion of 1-deoxy-D-xylulose 5-phosphate into desired downstream C5-intermediate(s) of said pathway.
 134. Cells, cell cultures or organisms or parts thereof according to claim 133, wherein said gene(s) of said second recombinant endowment(s) code(s) for enzyme(s) for the formation of at least one of the following C5-intermediates of the non-mevalonate isoprenoid pathway: (a) 2C-methyl-D-erythritol 4-phosphate; (b) 4-diphosphocytidyl-2C-methyl-D-erythritol; (c) 4-diphosphocytidyl-2C-methyl-D-erythritol 2-phosphate; (d) 2C-methyl-D-erythritol 2,4-cyclodiphosphate; (e) 1-hydroxy-2-methyl-2-butenyl 4-diphosphate; (f) isopentenyl diphosphate; (g) dimethylallyl diphosphate.
 135. Cells, cell cultures or organisms or parts thereof according to claim 133, characterized by the recombinant endowment with sets of genes as follows: (a) xylB, dxr; or (b) xylB, dxr, ispD (formerly ygbP); or (c) xylB, dxr; ispD, ispE (formerly ychB), or (d) xylB, dxr, ispD, ispE, ispF (formerly ygbB); or (e) xylB, dxr, ispD, ispE, ispF, ispG (formerly gcpE); or (f) xylB, dxr, ispD, ispE, ispF, ispG, ispH (formerly lytB) of E. coli or a function-conservative homologue thereof and/or a function-conservative fusion, deletion or insertion variant of any of the above genes.
 136. Cells, cell cultures or organisms or parts thereof according to claim 133, characterized by the recombinant endowment with xylB and ispG (formerly gcpE) and optionally at least one gene selected from the following group: dxr; ispD (formerly ygbP); ispE (formerly ychB); ispF (formerly ygbB) of E. coli or a function-conservative homologue thereof, or a function-conservative fusion, deletion or insertion variant of any of the above genes.
 137. Cells, cell cultures or organisms or parts thereof according to claim 133, characterized by the recombinant endowment with xylB and ispH (formerly lytB) and optionally at least one gene selected from the following group: dxr; ispD (formerly ygbP); ispE (formerly ychB); ispF (formerly ygbB); ispG (formerly gcpE) of E. coli or a function-conservative homologue thereof, or a function-conservative fusion, deletion or insertion variant of any of the above genes.
 138. Cells, cell cultures or organisms or parts thereof according to claim 133, characterized by the recombinant endowment with xyl, ispG, (formerly gcpE) and ispH (formerly lytB) and optionally at least one gene selected from the following group: dxr, ispD (formerly ygbP); ispE (formerly ychB); ispF (formerly ygbB); of E. coli or a function-conservative homologue thereof, or a function-conservative fusion, deletion or insertion variant of any of the above genes.
 139. A process for the efficient in vivo synthesis of 2C-methyl-D-erythritol 4-phosphate; or 4-diphosphocytidyl-2C-methyl-D-erythritol; or 4-diphosphocytidyl-2C-methyl-D-erythritol 2-phosphate; or 2C-methyl-D-erythritol 2,4-cyclodiphosphate; or (E)-1-hydroxy-2-methyl-2-butenyl 4-diphosphate; or isopentenyl diphosphate or dimethylallyl diphosphate; in salt form or in protonated form, by the following steps: (a) culturing cells, preferably bacterial cells, recombinantly endowed according to claim 133 for said synthesis for a predetermined period of time at a predetermined temperature; (b) adding 1-deoxy-D-xylulose to a predetermined final concentration and further culturing for a predetermined period of time; (c) harvesting the cells; (d) preparing a crude extract from the harvested cells; (e) separating and purifying optionally isotope-labelled 2C-methyl-D-erythritol 4-phosphate; or 4-diphosphocytidyl-2C-methyl-D-erythritol; or 4-diphosphocytidyl-2C-methyl-D-erythritol 2-phosphate; or 2C-methyl-D-erythritol 2,4-cyclodiphosphate; or 1-hydroxy-2-methyl-2-butenyl 4-diphosphate, notably (E)-1-hydroxy-2-methyl-2-butenyl 4-diphosphate; or isopentenyl diphosphate; or dimethylallyl diphosphate; in salt form or in protonated form, by preparative chromatography.
 140. The process according to claim 132, wherein a source for CTP, is added in step (a).
 141. The process according to claim 132, wherein a source of phosphorylation activity is added in step (a).
 142. The process according to claim 132, wherein a source of reduction equivalents, is added in step (a).
 143. A vector comprising a sequence coding for one of the recombinant endowments as defined according to claim
 133. 144. The protein according to claim 104, wherein it is a plant protein, notably from Arabidopsis thaliana.
 145. The protein according to claim 104, wherein it is a bacterial protein, notably from E. coli.
 146. The protein according claim 104, wherein it is a protozoal protein, notably from Plasmodium falciparum.
 147. Cells, cell cultures or organisms or parts thereof according to claim 111, characterized by the recombinant endowment with sets of genes selected from the following group: ispC (formerly dxr), ispD, ispE, ispF, ispG (formerly gcpE); or ispC, ispD, ispE, ispF, ispG, ispH (formerly lytB); or dxs, ispC, ispD, ispE, ispF, ispG; or dxs, ispC, ispD, ispE, ispF, ispG, ispH; or dxs, ispC, ispG; or dxs, ispC, ispG, ispH of E. coli or a function-conservative homologue thereof and/or a function-conservative fusion, deletion or insertion variant of any of the above genes.
 148. A process for the efficient in vivo synthesis of (E)-1-hydroxy-2-methyl-2-butenyl 4-diphosphate; or isopentenyl diphosphate or dimethylallyl diphosphate, in salt form or in protonated form, comprising the following steps: (a) culturing cells, recombinantly endowed according to claim 112 for said synthesis for a predetermined period of time at a predetermined temperature; (b) optionally adding glucose to a predetermined final concentration and further culturing for a predetermined period of time; (c) harvesting the cells; (d) preparing a crude extract from the harvested cells; and (e) separating and purifying optionally isotope-labelled (E)-1-hydroxy-2-methyl-2-butenyl 4-diphosphate; or isopentenyl diphosphate; or dimethylallyl diphosphate, in salt form or in protonated form.
 149. A process for the efficient in vivo synthesis of (E)-1-hydroxy-2-methyl-2-butenyl 4-diphosphate; or isopentenyl diphosphate or dimethylallyl diphosphate, in salt form or in protonated form, comprising the following steps: (a) culturing cells, recombinantly endowed according to claim 113 for said synthesis for a predetermined period of time at a predetermined temperature; (b) optionally adding glucose to a predetermined final concentration and further culturing for a predetermined period of time; (c) harvesting the cells; (d) preparing a crude extract from the harvested cells; and (e) separating and purifying optionally isotope-labelled (E)-1-hydroxy-2-methyl-2-butenyl 4-diphosphate; or isopentenyl diphosphate; or dimethylallyl diphosphate, in salt form or in protonated form.
 150. The process according to claim 139, wherein a source for CTP is added in step (a).
 151. The process according to claim 139, wherein a source of phosphorylation activity is added in step (a).
 152. The process according to claim 139, wherein a source of reduction equivalents is added in step (a). 